Forest life changes the characters Essay

In Shakespeare’s As you like it, we find the characters attempting to escape the court. What they specifically are escaping from are the ‘briars’ of the ‘working day world’. The imagery of briar bushes specifically enacts a form of entanglement; that the world of the court is entrapping and the people in it are reflected as such. What is ‘comely envenoms him that bears it’, highlighting a reverse polarisation of morality, that what is good is a hindrance in the world of the court. This is paralleled by what Touchstone (who represents the court as a jester, whom were always in the service of the court) says; ‘The sweetest nut hath the sourest rind’. Indeed, the usurper is viewed as the rightful ruler of the court whereas the rightful ruler is branded an outlaw. So the characters escape to the forest in order to cleanse themselves of ‘th’infected world’ (Playing upon the previous mention of ‘envenoms’ as a form of physical affliction that requires cathartic release). One can argue that the characters do respond to the forest, and their characters change as such. One particularly significant example is how Shakespeare constructs the forest as a place of alternative knowledge; Duke Senior finds that the ‘winds are his councillors’ and that the ‘trees shall be my (his) books’, that they find ‘sermons in stones’. This highlights the homiletic edification that occurs when one engages with nature, and indeed, this is paralleled by the discourse expressed between Rosalind and Celia in Act I, where they comment on how fortune (A product of the court) and nature (Of the forest) are at odds with one another; ‘Fortune reigns in gifts of the world/not in the lineaments of nature’. The escapism of the forest is further expressed when the gentlemen become ‘merry men’ and ‘brothers in exile’ highlighting how they are able to ‘fleet time as they did in the golden age’, with the ‘merry men’ alluding exclusively to the notion of ‘Robin hood’, who represents an active rebellion against the court, suggesting an underlying romanticisation of what it is to be an outlaw. Indeed, defying social norms appears to be what the forest epitomises, and as such, Rosalind even changes all perception of her by becoming ‘Ganymede’, she essentially dresses up to become someone different. Finally, we find the two main ‘villains’ of the story; Duke Frederick and Oliver have a very quick change of heart from the forest, which in both cases turn out to be spectacular examples of Deus Ex Machina, both being equally contrived but portrayed as legitimately woven into the story. So in that sense, the forest is a healing force. However, there is an argument for the opposite; that the forest is exactly the same as the court and no significant change occurs. One of the biggest examples of this lies in the speech of Lord 1 regarding the murder of a deer. The deer are portrayed as ‘native burghers’ in their own ‘desert city’, who retreat ‘from the hunters aim’ into a ‘sequestered’ ‘languish’. Jaques remarks then about how the foresters are the ‘mere usurpers’ who ‘kill them up/in their assign’d and native dwelling place’. This is particularly significant because a parallel is drawn between the deer and the foresters, the deer is escaping usurpation in much the same way the foresters are, this is further enhanced by the fact that the deer has a ‘leathern coat’, a deliberate wording by Shakespeare to highlight the parallels it has with its human usurpers. This usurpation is shown elsewhere in the book, Rosalind who buys the shepherds ‘passion’ (Livelihood) because it is ‘much upon her fashion’, suggesting a transitory or arbitrary desire, devoid of consideration for the fact that the shepherd derives his survival from his flock. Indeed, she wishes to ‘waste her time’ here, rather than use it for any meaningful purpose. Other aspects of the court are also filtered into the forest to enact a distinct lack of change. The notion of the ‘merry men’ and ‘brothers in exile’ is immediately undermined by the fact that the duke is referred to as ‘your grace’, implying that the hierarchy of society is still in place, despite their attempts to gloss over it. Indeed, the very nature of them dressing up as foresters when they are in fact ‘gentlemen’ enacts the nature of the ‘painted pomp’ that is alluded to when referring to the court. The word ‘pompous’ implies a level of self-importance and unnecessary grandiose, which is ever present in the forest; ‘to blow on whom I please’ (IE, to do as I wish). Conventionally in the pastoral, the return to ‘reality’ (In this instance, the court) is forced due to the ephemeral nature of Arcadia. However, at the end of the play here, we find that the characters easily cast off their ‘disguises’ as if they had never left, willingly returning to the court, signifying that there must have been little difference between the two worlds, and emphasising the fact that the court has been a constant throughout the play. One of the most famous quotes of the play, ‘All the world is a stage’ is particularly significant here also. Throughout the story, the ‘motley coat’ (Emblematic of the fool) has been alluded to, and it represents the ‘players’ and by extension, the audience as a whole. If we are all ‘players’ as in a play, with ‘their exists and entrances/and many parts’, then we are all fundamentally acting like the foresters all the time, we all are part of the same outcome. Indeed, at the very end, we all are ‘sans teeth, sans taste, sans everything’, emphasising the fact we all end up subjected to time and age, no better for our experiences in life. This is particularly ironic of course, because earlier on in the story, the forest is described as having ‘no clock’, but it is infact time that undoes all as expressed in this passage, enacting the futility of escape and the absence of any change in outcome from action. Finally, we have the ephemeral nature of the escape for the audience. As alluded to in the preceding paragraph, the audience are ‘players’ and actors in the play to, but do they change? At the very end, within the epilogue, Rosalind breaks the fourth wall, essentially undermining the experience of the play, returning the audience from the ‘forest’ (The imaginative space of the play) to the ‘court’ (Reality). She directly remarks upon the fact that it is a play, that it is a constructed narration and further commends it to be watched by the friends of the audience (Cementing the notion of ‘realism’ in the fact that the play is a commercial enterprise at heart, not a creative escape).

Nuclear Fusion Power Of The Hot Sun Environmental Sciences Essay

The procedure by which two or more atomic karyon articulation together, or â€Å" fuse † , to organize a individual heavier karyon. During this procedure, affair is non conserved because some of the mass of the fusing karyon is converted to energy, which is released. Fusion is the procedure that powers active stars. If light karyons are forced together, they will blend with a output of energy because the mass of the combination will be less than the amount of the multitudes of the single karyon. If the combined atomic mass is less than that of Fe at the extremum of the binding energy curve, so the atomic atoms will be more tightly bound than they were in the igniter karyon, and that lessening in mass comes off in the signifier of energy harmonizing to the Einstein relationship. For heavier elements than Fe, fission will give energy. For possible atomic energy beginnings for the Earth, the deuterium-tritium merger reaction contained by some sort of magnetic parturiency seems th e most likely way. However, for the fueling of the stars, other merger reactions will rule. Types of merger: Fusion reactions are of two basic types: ( 1 ) those that preserve the figure of protons and neutrons and ( 2 ) those that involve a transition between protons and neutrons. Chemical reactions of the first type are most of import for practical merger energy production, whereas those of the 2nd type are important to the induction of star combustion. The notation indicates an arbitrary component, AZX, where Z is the charge of the karyon and A is the atomic weight. An of import merger reaction for practical energy coevals is that between heavy hydrogen and tritium. Nuclear Fusion Reactors: There are two types of atomic merger reactor: Magnetic parturiency reactors and inertial parturiency reactors. Magnetic parturiency reactors have so many parts: Vacuum vas holds the plasma and keeps the reaction chamber in a vacuity, Neutral beam injector injects particle beams from the gas pedal into the plasma to assist heat the plasma to critical temperature ; Magnetic field spirals superconducting magnets that confine, form and incorporate the plasma utilizing magnetic Fieldss, Transformers transmit electricity to the magnetic field spirals, Cooling equipment cool the magnets, Blanket modules made of Li ; absorb heat and high-energy neutrons from the merger reaction and Diverters exhaust the He merchandises of the merger reaction. Here ‘s how the procedure will work: The merger reactor will heat a watercourse of heavy hydrogen and tritium fuel to organize high-temperature plasma. It will squash the plasma so that merger can take topographic point. The power needed to get down the merger reaction will be about 70 megawatts, but the power output from the reaction will be about 500 megawatts. The merger reaction will last from 300 to 500 seconds. The Li covers outside the plasma reaction chamber will absorb high-energy neutrons from the merger reaction to do more tritium fuel. The covers will acquire heated by the neutrons. 3.The heat will be transferred by a water-cooling cringle to a heat money changer to do steam. 4.The steam will drive electrical turbines to bring forth electricity. 5.The steam will be condensed back into H2O to absorb more heat from the reactor in the heat money changer. An inertial merger reactor consists of mark mill, mark injection and tracking systems, the optical maser, a merger chamber, and a power transition system. In inertial reactor atomic, fusion reactions are initiated by heating and compacting a fuel mark, typically in the signifier of a pellet that most frequently contains a mixture of heavy hydrogen and tritium. To compact and heat the fuel, energy is delivered to the outer bed of the mark utilizing high-energy beams of optical maser visible radiation, negatrons or ions, although for a assortment of grounds, about all ICF devices to day of the month hold used optical masers. The het outer bed explodes outward, bring forthing a reaction force against the balance of the mark, speed uping it inwards, compacting the mark. This procedure may besides make daze moving ridges that travel inward through the mark. A sufficiently powerful set of daze moving ridges can compact and heat the fuel at the centre so much that merger reactions occur. The energy released by these reactions will so heat the environing fuel, which may besides get down to undergo merger. The purpose of ICF ( Inertial parturiency merger ) is to bring forth a status known as â€Å" ignition † , where this warming procedure causes a concatenation reaction that burns a important part of the fuel. Typical fuel pellets are about the size of a dumbbell and contain about 10 mgs of fuel: in pattern, merely a little proportion of this fuel will undergo merger, but if all this fuel were consumed it would let go of the energy equivalent to firing a barrel of oil. How atomic merger work in the Sun: During merger, H signifiers a plasma ( the province of affair when heated to a really high temperature ) . The atomic karyon in the plasma shed their negatrons and the forces of repulsive force between these are really high. However, some fuse and alteration into He, let go ofing big sums of energy. On the Sun, the chance that two H karyons will blend is highly low but the immense Numberss of nuclei present beginnings this. aa‚ ¬A?aa‚ ¬A? Using atomic merger in industry: The newest country in which atomic chemists play an of import function is the field of atomic medical specialty. Nuclear medical specialty is a quickly spread outing subdivision of wellness attention that uses ephemeral radioactive isotopes to name unwellnesss and to handle specific diseases. Nuclear chemists synthesize drugs from radionuclides produced in atomic reactors or gas pedals that are injected into the patient and will so seek out specific variety meats or cancerous tumours. Diagnosis involves usage of the radiopharmaceutical to bring forth an image of the tumour or organ to place jobs that may be missed by x beams or physical scrutinies. Treatment involves utilizing radioactive compounds at carefully controlled doses to destruct tumours. These atomic medical specialty techniques hold much promise for the hereafter because they use biological chemical science to stipulate mark cells much more exactly than traditional radiation therapy, which uses radiation from external beg innings to kill tumour cells, killing no mark cells. Advantages of utilizing atomic merger: Nuclear merger releases tremendous sums of heat, which is used to turn H2O into steam to drive turbines and electrical generators with a individual atomic reactor bring forthing more energy per unit of weight than conventional fossil fuels. 2 ) The coevals of atomic energy does non necessitate the combustion of fossil fuels and so does non foul the ambiance with toxicant nursery gases such as C dioxide or S dioxide doing it a much cleaner fuel than other types of electrical energy production. 3 ) The sum of power a standard atomic power station can bring forth is so big that a individual power station can provide electrical power to many 10s of 1000s of places over a big country and limitless. 4 ) Nuclear power Stationss themselves do non take up much land country leting them to be placed near to industrial countries cut downing the demand to reassign power over long distances. 5 ) While atomic reactors and power Stationss are expensive to construct, their operating costs are low compared to an tantamount coal or gas fired station. Disadvantages of utilizing atomic merger: The radioactive waste can possess a menace to the environment and is unsafe for worlds. We all remember the Chernobyl accident, where the harmful effects of atomic radiation on worlds can even be witnessed today. Estimates conclude that someplace between 15 000 and 30 000 people lost their lifeaa‚ ¬a„?s in the Chernobyl wake and more than 2.5 million Ukrainians are still fighting with wellness jobs related to atomic waste. Merely last twelvemonth, on March 18, a major atomic crisis happened once more in Japan. While the casualties were non every bit high as with the Chernobyl accident, the environmental effects were black. By and large atomic merger is on of new phenomena that human detect it. Nuclear merger happened in the Sun by turning H to He ; still scientists have a long manner to travel. Nuclear merger power is advantages and disadvantages and so many restrictions as a power beginning. However fuels will complete so shortly so atomic merger possibly in future can be a suited and safe.AAArticle Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300

Literature Review Internet Essay

A Literature Review on: An Exploration of Internet Programming Technologies for Learning Wayne State University CSC5750 Principles of Web Technology Susan Genden Susan Genden aw0809 Abstract This literature review offers a commentary on programming applications specifically in the area of emerging online technologies for learning. Included is a brief history on the growth of these instructional technologies. We explore four literature reviews that discuss intelligent tutors (used on a one-to-one basis and in a collaborative environment), and virtual reality environments. These publications show students working online successfully in a range of learning situations, where students become more active learners and exercise various choices in the process. Intelligent tutors can be designed to adapt to individual learning styles, and to other learner characteristics. Virtual reality environments offer unique immersive learning experiences. Programmers and researchers are working diligently to develop custom intelligent solutions to online learning needs. Evaluations presented show positive results to date. Obstacles still remain to development in terms of costs and other factors. Implementation and research continue. Introduction Internet technologies are changing our lives and our educational systems (Sheybani, & Javidi, 2004). This literature review presents an overview of four articles on the development of technologies used in online computer based education. The articles reflect continuing change as technology advances become pervasive. Theories about learning environments, and programming and hardware capabilities continue to change. People want educational opportunities that provide flexibility in terms of access, time management, and control (Hooper, & Reinartz, 2002). Education online will indeed become even more accessible, more convenient, and there will be learning environments tailored to the learner’s choices (Jalobeanu, 2003). Educators will have to make the extra effort to keep online learning interesting (Porter, 2005). Researchers are working hard to meet increased programming needs. There are at least two threads of development that lead to our current state in online instruction. One reflects the development of artificial intelligence or AI. The other area reflects instructional technology changes. A few milestones in AI include: in the 1950s, Norbert Weiner discussed feedback 2 Susan Genden aw0809 loops such as the way thermostats measure temperature changes and adjust their settings. He said that intelligent behavior worked in the same way, and might be simulated by computers (www. thinkquest. org, 2006). Newell, Simon, and Shaw created the first artificial intelligence program, Logic Theorist, in 1955-56 (Stottlerhenke Associates, Inc. , 2006). In the 1960s, Eliza, a computer for language between people and computers, was developed, and used intelligent agents (Piramuthu, 2005). The other area of development became apparent in the 1950s, when IBM research teams created computer assisted instructional programs for public schools. People had high expectations for educational use that were not attained. This low level of development continued though the 1960s, 1970s (the PLATO system) and the 1980s. Also in the 1980’s, Papert developed the Logo programming language and children learned to develop simple programming skills (LeFrancois, 2006). By the mid 1980’s, computer use in the schools had expanded to 40% of United States elementary schools and almost twice that in the high schools. By the mid 1990s, computers were integrated primarily in word processing or drill and practice exercises (Reiser, 2002). Since 1995, with the growth of expanded capabilities in multimedia, bandwidth, and programming technologies, the use of the Internet for instruction expanded and enrollments increased. By 1998, 78% of public four-year colleges and universities offered online classes (Reiser).

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Research Paper - Essay Example Exchange of a commodity between individuals with the aim of deriving mutual benefits or with profit motif is one of the available definitions for the term business. The definition however extends to multiple transactions and disqualifies isolated transactions, such as a single exchange in a person’s life, as business. A single exchange transaction or just a few number of exchange transactions like three times in a person’s lifetime, for instance, does not identify the individual as a businessperson and therefore fails to offer an accurate definition of business. A more accurate definition of business is therefore an activity whose primary objective is wealth creation through exchange of goods and services. This definition separates such transactions as sale of personal property as a disposal strategy because of lack of profit motive. Some examples of activities have also been identified with the definition of business. According to Maheshwari (1997), all activities in t he field of commerce and industrial based activities meets the definition of business and this includes activities in â€Å"basic industries, processing and manufacturing industries and the network of ancillary services, distribution, banking, insurance, transport,† among other sectors (Maheshwari, 1997, 1). ... Its formation is simple, requiring no formalities, and it requires small amount of capital to start because its scope can be narrow. The proprietor also enjoys all the derived profit from the business and has the sole decision making right, a property that allows for faster decisions because there is no consultation obligations. Sole proprietorships however faces a number of challenges such as difficulty to raise sufficient capital for ventures, limited sources of capital because of lack of collaterals, and lack of specialization that limits quality of goods or services from a sole proprietorship business (Kelly and McGowen, 2010; Gitman and McDaniel 2008). Lack of expertise in management and service delivery possibility of the proprietor overworking himself are other limitations of the form of business. The business’ life is also limited to the life of the owner (Schneeman, 2012; Miller, n.d.). Partnership is another form of organization for business activities and defines a group of individuals, normally between two and twenty people, with a common objective of making profit. The form of business has advantages such as a wider capital base from members’ contribution, possibility of rich skills and experience from members that can be organized into specialization, rich sources of ideas for decision-making. Members also share losses and this facilitates continuity because of reduced impacts (Pride, Hunges and Kapoor, 2010; Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2010). Disadvantages however include sharing of profits, lengthy decision-making processes that may also experience disagreements and unlimited liability of business partners (Sutherland and Canwell, 2008). Cooperatives have such advantages as low operation

Shared Student Shopping System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shared Student Shopping System - Assignment Example This shall ensure students utilise the system significantly once it becomes operational. PACT analysis People The system targets students living in shared accommodation. Shopping malls and supermarkets shall adopt the system through which grocery orders shall be received from students. The system shall be available online, and accessible from computers as well as other devices with internet connection like mobile phones. Availability of the system online would attract a surmountable number of students into using the system. Majority of these students own, and have access to these devices. The students shall be able to order through an online system from devices of their choice. This immensely simplifies the shopping experience as individuals can choose favourite devices to use. Since students extensively use the internet, accessing this system shall become part of their routine. Individual differences of people shall be catered for through the freedom to access the system using devic es of one’s choice. Majority of the targeted population can efficiently operate computers and mobile phone. These people also possess enough knowledge of the internet. The individuals, therefore, shall not require familiarisation training before using the system. The system provides guidelines for users to interface with the program controlling the system. With the system utilising commonly used devices, motivation for individuals to utilise the shopping system shall increase significantly. Activities The activities to be undertaken by the system revolve around purchasing grocery. The system contains a list of grocery items commonly used in households. Offering a list to choose from reduces the chances of forgetting an item when purchasing. A person may also remember a required item appearing on the system list. The system allows individuals to search for availability of required groceries. The supermarket database indicates the remaining amounts of stock. This allows buyers to order for available groceries only. Following every order received the system records that a purchased stock is needed. When the order becomes complete, the system produces a virtual list of all items requested. Against each item an indication of availability appears. The buyer could effectively erase items not available while retaining the ones available. At this stage the buyer gets an opportunity to review items requested. Upon reviewing, additions or subtractions of items could be performed. If no amendments required the system requests the buyer to confirm order. The order then is sent, via the internet, to the relevant grocery store awaiting delivery. These activities reduce the time taken to travel to grocery stores, and energy for carrying the groceries to the residence. Context The context of this system lies in establishing a reliable online shopping system. The congestion of people within supermarkets and other grocery stores necessitates a different approach towards g rocery purchasing. There appears to be an increasing need to change the shopping habits of individuals aimed at reducing the congestion. This system allows individuals to make grocery orders at the comfort of their residence. The activity may also be carried out in remote locations outside residences. The ability to undertake these activities without physical presence at shopping malls simplifies shopping

The Positive and Negative Effects of Confucianism in East Asian Essay - 1

The Positive and Negative Effects of Confucianism in East Asian Cultures - Essay Example This report stresses that the philosophy of Confucianism was practiced in many cultures and countries in East Asia like China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea Vietnam and various Chinese occupied territories like Singapore. China however, was the birthplace of Confucianism. It was came into being from the sixth century to the third century B.C., an age described as "The Age of Philosophers". Eventually during 141 to 87 BC, it was declared as a state philosophy by the Emperor Wu of Han. Confucianism in Japan began at a time when â€Å"Confucianism† was quite different from what it is today. During the long years from the fall of the Latter Han dynasty in 220 CE through the Tang (618–907), the classics esteemed by Confucius remained an important part for those who exercised authority over others. This paper declares that the nations of East Asia constitute a part of the fastest growing economy in the world. In the past 30 years, 3 smalls East Asian nations – South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore have exhibited phenomenal economic growth which now rivals that of Japan’s. These countries are now ranked as having the world most successful economies. The explanation for this boom in the economic systems can be dedicated to the fact that Confucian values form an ethical thread across the East Asia nations. The philosophy of Confucianism is dictates a harmonious collective social order. This in turn ensures absolute loyalty and obedience to authority from the subordinates.

US border patrol UAV programs in Texas Case Study - 1

US border patrol UAV programs in Texas - Case Study Example The US Customs and Border Protection is an Agency quite known for its role in the protection of US borders. In fact, the specific Agency is responsible for the safety of Americans from terrorism or from illegal trade developed through the country’s borders.The successful implementation of plans related to issues of national importance, such as the protection of a country’s borders, is usually depended on a series of factors, such as the resources and the time available. The illegal entrance in USA is also controlled by the above Agency. Because of its crucial role in securing the safety of Americans from illegal activities, as indicatively mentioned above, the US Customs and Border Protection Agency has increased its value as a workplace offering many prospects to interested candidates. Current paper examines the profile of the specific Agency and its potentials/ value as a workplace; reference is made to a particular program of the above Agency: the US border patrol UA V programs in Texas. It is proved that the particular programs could offer a series of benefits to candidates who would be interested in working in the particular area. Of course, certain challenges related to the particular sector, as a workplace, cannot be avoided; however, these challenges could be easier confronted if the candidates were given the necessary support since their entrance in the particular service. II. US BORDER PATROL UAV PROGRAMS IN TEXAS IIa. US Customs and Border Protection - profile The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is an Agency focusing on the protection of the borders of US from any potential threat – meaning terrorist attacks, violation of trade laws, illegal immigration and so on. The value of the Agency in enhancing the safety of the public in USA can be made clear through the Agency’s mission statement: ‘We safeguard the American homeland at and beyond our borders; we protect the American public against terrorists and the instrum ents of terror’.1 The Agency’s mission statement also refers to the enforcement of the national laws especially in regard to the ‘international trade and travel’.2 In other words, the Agency has the responsibility for controlling the areas cited near the borders of US for any illegal activity; borders, in the above context, include land, water and air. The importance of the above targets for the members of the Agency is reflected in the Agency’s statement regarding its core values, as promoted through its members; it is explained that ‘the safety of all Americans’3 is the key priority of the members of the Agency. Additional values of the Agency are the following ones: the enhancement of the rules of the American constitution and the alignment of the Agency’s activities with ‘the highest morals principles’.4 The mission of the particular Agency, as described above, is quite challenging, especially if taking into cons ideration the importance of the country’s borders not just in terms of the economy, i.e. for controlling the value of goods imported in the country, but also in terms of the risks for criminal activity. Reference is made especially to the continuous increase of illegal immigrants entering the country – despite the hard efforts of CBP to monitor carefully the movement of persons and goods through the country’s borders. However, the effectiveness of CBP cannot be denied – especially if taking into consideration the size of USA – and the expansion of its borders. In order for the Agency to be able to respond to its mission, emphasis has been given on its structure.5 The Commissioner monitors all activities of the Agency; at the next level, five directors and the Chief of the Staff have been appointed to its of the CBP main departments –‘ Civil Rights, Policy & Planning, Trade Relations,

Gibraltar Airport Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gibraltar Airport - Case Study Example This means that the traffic lights guide on the mode of operations between the two systems (Archer, 2006). They decide when the road traffic should go and when it should stop. This is also the case of the air traffic. There is the danger of collision of the two forms of traffic that are hugely dependent on the traffic lights. The airport is surrounded by huge buildings and many highly piled up rocks. There is the silent danger of plunging into the buildings or the rocks nearby. This will be disastrous for the airport, planes, road users and ultimately the passengers. The traffic lights that act as the essential guide for the planes can seriously malfunction. This will cause huge aspects of relying the wrong information and signals. The incoming traffic and outgoing traffic could then crush into each other (Archer, 2006). In many instances there are very many mishaps that have occurred at the airport. Once crew of a Boeing flight lost visual contact of where they were supposed to land. They missed the runway and they crash landed. The intersection between the road and runway has had many mishaps (Archer, 2006). They include the fact that traffic lights have on several occasions misguided the pilot and drivers. This has resulted in the flow of both the users of the road and the landing plane. Once, there was a police chase down the highway. It was difficult and stressful for the planes pilots, the police and the people being chased. This was because of the urgency of their situations and the nature of the flow of traffic (Archer, 2006). The airport should have its own space. This means that the road highway will have to be shut down or underground tunnels built. This is because the co-existence of the traffic flows posses a huge danger. There should be clear well labelled signs that cater for each and every traffic that flows in its created space. This will ensure that all parties understand what is going on, in all avenues and angles of

Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders - Essay Example These children need a lot of moral support from family, and teachers should give proper counseling to students and should be sensitive towards the needs of such children with orthopedic disorders. It is very necessary that every school has a screening test for all students to detect scoliosis; teachers should especially take care of female students with scoliosis, as these children have a low body mass index and low weight. Children will also be scared of being called a scoliotic, which might have a negative effect on them, therefore it is the responsibility of the teachers to take proper care of such children and give them proper counseling to make them stronger to face such situations. Teachers of students suffering with certain limb deficiencies could try to pair such children with other students without any deficiency, so that they could help the other children during their lab classes or other practical classes which needs his involvement, in return a student with a deficiency could probably help another student who is poor in Math's might be. Whereas some children might need assistance in being mobile for example in going to the restroom or might need help while eating. Proper planning needs to be done to face such situations and certain techniques can be adopted to find out who will help such students in using the restroom or to follow a certain technique for eating. (http://books.google.com/booksid=ShVMgwSqFCgC&pg=PA598&lpg=PA598&dq=how+can+a+teacher+help+students+with+limb+deficiency&source=web&ots=G1_khw8Q5O&sig=fY20zNgN5OPM0QsvKiyFdg9ugS0#PPA598,M1). Teachers need to implement certain strategies in teaching these children, by introducing the children to phonics or, instead of such children writing, they could be asked to use the computer which would be much easier for them. The teacher should be in a position to assess such children on the basis of their response in the classroom. Teachers should also have the tact to execute certain strategies to encourage communication between her and the child. Students suffering from such orthopedic disorders might have poor motor skills, poor communication with the teacher, and inadequate practical experience in the subject, which leads to psychological problems. Teachers who have a specialization in orthopedic impairment should be appointed to teach such children, it will be helpful to the students if teachers adopt a certain strategy to teach such children, the tests or lessons can also be modified by the teachers, so that it Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders would be easier for a student with impairment to follow. Such students require assistance in their regular classes and during assignments and tests. (http://education.gsu.edu/PhysicalDis/new/article/inserv.htm) Children suffering with rheumatoid arthritis may experience severe pain in the joints, along with fever, rash and stiffness, which might make the child go through severe stress and depression.

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE - Essay Example A deep yearning for perfection constantly stirs my motivation, and coupled with my commitment, it keeps pushing me through new thresholds of research and study. Therefore, to embark upon a path of continued education and development I became an active member of the Taiwan Marketing Society. This offered me a platform for further studies and enabled me to carry out research. I have thus, together with other members, been able to submit several research papers in a variety of topics. I have chosen to apply for a PhD in Marketing because of my continued interest and involvement with this area of study, and I believe I have much to contribute to this area of research and its impact. Should my application be accepted, I am keen to join this programme as early as possible, latest by Autumn of 2007. I wished to make a substantial contribution in my field through writing and research and this is motivated me for the PhD programme. This is what encouraged and motivated me to study harder, and more importantly, to study smarter. I earned many awards and distinctions during my studies at Switzerland. My areas of studies were in the travel, tourism and hospitality industry and in a broader context, in the service sector and consumer behaviours. I did a Diploma in Hotel Operation from Hospitality College, Lausanne, Switzerland and a Bachelor of Science Degree in International Hotel & Tourism from International Hotel and Tourism College, Lucerne, Switzerland. Since my return to my country of origin, I have completed my Masters in Business Administration (MBA) specializing in Global Marketing Groups from National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Taiwan. I have chosen to study Marketing for the Ph.D. program, because of my continued interest in, and involvement with this area of study, I have chosen to apply for entrance to the Ph.D. Marketing Program,

Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to Ending Global Hunger Term Paper

Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to Ending Global Hunger - Term Paper Example The United Nations approximated that global human population will increase by â€Å"more than 40 percent, from 6.3 billion people today to 8.9 billion in 2050† (Rauch, 2003, p.104). While populations are expanding, the land devoted to planting food is not sufficient to respond to this increase. The pressure to improve agricultural production with limited land supplies results to discussion on different ways of responding to global hunger. Scientists and supporters of genetic engineering asserted that it can be a sustainable solution to global hunger. This paper explores the debate surrounding this issue. It argues that yes, genetic engineering can end global hunger, but if it can do so in a sustainable manner requires further independent studies, so governments all over the world should actively monitor genetic engineering’s operations and effects on human, animal, and plant life. For and Against Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering can end global hunger, because it can produce plants that resist diseases and unruly weather conditions. In the article, â€Å"Will Frankenfood Save the Planet?† Rauch (2003) argued that only genetically modified plants can ensure the benefits of no-till farming, which is a sustainable way of farming. He explained that no-till farming reduces runoff, which pollutes rivers and lakes, since worms and other organisms stay on the top soil and turn agricultural land into a huge â€Å"sponge† for heavy rains (p.104). Genetic engineering essentially makes organic farming possible without the need for manure, which pollutes water systems. Rauch (2003) added that during the 1990s, the agricultural company Monsanto designed a transgenic soybean specimen that it called â€Å"Roundup Ready† (Rauch, 2003, p.105). It tolerates the herbicide Roundup, which kills numerous kinds of weeds and disintegrates the latter into nontoxic ingredients (Rauch, 2003, p.105). Many farmers use Roundup Ready crops, instead of using a cocktail of expensive chemicals (Rauch, 2003, p.105). At present, more than 30% of American soybeans are harvested without plowing fields (Rauch, 2003, p.105). This can have large positive effects on farm areas with poor soil conditions, particularly those in the developing countries. Farmers can convert unused areas that are used to be not good for planting into productive agricultural plots. In â€Å"Food: How Altered?† Ackerman (2002) explored the benefits and drawbacks of genetic engineering. One of the benefits of genetic engineering is designing plants that can withstand rough weather and soil conditions. Hence, it can improve agricultural yield and expand agricultural opportunities. Genetically modified foods can fight other plant and human diseases. Farmers use herbicides to destroy weeds. Biotech crops can offer â€Å"tolerance† genes that help them endure the spraying of chemicals that eradicate almost all kinds of plants (Ackerman, 2002, p.32). Some types of biotech plants produce insecticide, because of gene taken from a soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt for short (Ackerman, 2002, p.32). Bt genes produce toxins that are seen as nontoxic to humans, but deadly to several insects, such as the European corn borer, an insect that eats cornstalks and ears (Ackerman, 2002, p.32). Bt is so effective that organic farmers have treated it as a natural insecticide for many

Through dramatic methods In The Crucible Essay Example for Free

Through dramatic methods In The Crucible Essay Is truth reliable? Everybody has different perceptions of truth and what is represented by it. Truth is different where ever you go. Peoples version of truth is never fully correct. Miller uses The Crucible to express his own views on what was happening in America at the time-McCarthyism he uses John Proctor, as he is interested in the person who doesnt allow him to be caught up in hysteria but thinks for himself and stands up for his values against all odds. Miller uses the Salem witch-hunt to put forward his views on McCarthyism-the hunting down and prosecuting of any Americans who were thought to have taken part in anti-capitalism. Miller himself was brought before the committee led by Joseph McCarthy. Miller saw the public confessions required by the committee, as parallels with the naming of names at Salem in 1692. History is evidence from people views on past events; again this cannot be taken for pure truth. Does this mean the truth can never be found or be totally correct? Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible from evidence in history that he collected; elements of the truth have been changed. Arthur Miller uses five main methods to represent truth; these are Imagery, Dialogue, Dramatic Irony, Staging or Setting and Character profile. Dialogue is a main method that can be used to show how truth is represented as the play is written with very little in the way of movements and directors have the dialogue to base their plays around. Dialogue has many different ways of showing who has the highest status and most control of a conversation. When acted out these can include, accent, age, tone of voice and pitch for example. But in a play methods such as topic shift, conversation control, adjacency pairs, turn taking, silence or hesitation are used. In The Crucible Abagail controls a conversation between her and Betty about what happened. Abagail shouts Shut it! Now shut it! Abagail takes control of the conversation to stop Betty from saying what she is to change the topic of conversation, this is called topic shifts. This represents truth as Abagail and Betty are talking about the truth but Abagail wants to move away from it. This method give the audience a clear view of who is in the wrong and more information on the characters on stage. Betty represents the truth as she is trying to let it out and tell everyone what actually happened and Abagail is opposing the truth; this is how Abagail is portrayed throughout most of the play. Her control of conversation is a great method of dialogue that gives her power and is what eventually allows her to escape death. When the character is speaking the audience know if he or she is telling the truth as they may have seen previous scenes that told them more information. This way the dialogue used can be used to cover up the truth using the dialogue techniques. Another method used to convey truth via dialogue is adjacency pairs. Adjacency means next to A question suggests the next turn will be an answer, a greeting suggests the next turn will be a greeting. Many things people say could have several meanings; the next turn shows what the people take it to mean, for now. So if someone insults you, and you respond Thank you, you are taking the insult as a compliment. This is used a lot to dismiss an idea or statement given to a character. For instance Proctor says, We never touched, Abby Abagail follows with Aye, but we did. Proctor follows with Aye, but we did not. Proctors immediate dismissal is a shock for Abagail as it was not the expected response. The word Aye is a positive response that substitutes yes. At the end of the response the word not is used this is negative and quickly changes the conversation from agreeing ang positive to negative and dissagreening. This is used to shock the audience and Abagail on stage. It conveys truth as it does not agree with Abagail and so the audience know one of them is not telling the truth, they either did or they did not touch. From the previous scenes they realise Proc Imagery is used a lot in the play. It is used on natural and items with symbols like the church. Imagery is good as it allows the audience to get a view of the truth and more of an understanding of what is going on. The imagery used in The Crucible is mostly natural objects such as stone, light and fire, this could be because og the purtinsm and they belived in living naturaly. Hard as rock and Where I stone give images of a stone. Stone is linked to the truth because it is a natural strong material. It is tough on the outside and hard to break into. Truth can be hard to reach or get the exact truth and so is linked to rock. Another way rock is linked to truth is that they are made in a cycle. Truth is changed in a cycle or a ring of people as people give others their opinion of the truth and rocks are made in a cycle and are changed during it. Another image related to truth is a book once a book has been written and finished it cannot be tampered with. It can be written over like the lies made up by people hiding the truth. The book as it was meant to be written can never be changed just like the truth. The cover of a book is strong and holds the book together along with its spine. Again this is like the truth it is held together and made by what has happened. The light of God is in him, this shows he is pure not evil and the audience can imagine it. If God is in you, you cannot be evil. Wheel inside Wheel this is meant as an image of Salem, the people of Salem influence or move others inside Salem to do things they wouldnt normally do. This shows truth, as it is Salem as a whole pushing people on. Dramatic Irony is used in The Crucible. The audience see what is going on and then they see the characters lie about what the audience know is true. The audience see Paris praying next to Betty and the audience realise something is wrong, later on Paris denies any thing has happened and the audience know this is not true. Dramatic Irony represents truth and is used when the audience know some of the characters are lying to others. This makes the audience feel more powerful and raises the level of excitement and suspense. The audiences learn more about a character and their personality. They gain a personal view on whether to believe what they say later or not to. This shows truth very well as the audience know exactly who knows what information and who is truthful and who is not. Dramatic irony shows the truth on which characters trust which and who they are willing to tell the truth. When characters have information that others dont, they feel they have more power and so decide to different things with the power. Titubas lies reveal the truth, Tituba pretended to be possessed in a way to get back at Paris. Tituba says He says Mr Parris must be kill! Mr Parris no goodly man, Mr Parris mean man and no gentle man,Parris is the victim of dramatic irony. The audience are against Parris because of the character summary, it was heavily biased against Parris.

Tourism And International Cooperation Tourism Essay

Tourism And International Cooperation Tourism Essay This paper examines the role of international organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations World Tourism Organization, the European Union and host of other regional based bodies in the promotion of tourism as a tool for development, poverty reduction, socio-economic integration and economic diversification. There is no doubt that tourism has had immense contribution to many third world countries. As a matter of fact, Sharpley and Telfer (2002) opine that among the contemporary economies, tourism has continuously been referred to as the worlds largest industry (p.2). This is because it is one of the fastest growing economic sectors with its contributions being different from other sectors as it contributes to development by generating foreign exchange. As Grenfell (2010) finds, most developing countries depend on tourists from the developed countries and that foreign tourism in many developing nations is more valued and developed than domestic tourism which is underdevelop ed and undervalued (p.3). Tourism can therefore help in eliminating the economic gap that exists between the developed and the developing nations. For international community (developed world) to meaningfully help the third world countries, they need to be actively involved in the vital sectors of economy of these countries. It is therefore crucial that the international community should help these third world countries in the creation of infrastructure in order to promote tourism activities which in turn contribute to the overall economic advancement of these countries. The paper considers ways through which these international bodies can help boost tourism activities in less developed sub-Saharan countries to transform them to performing economies. To this end, the paper will utilize the case of Kenya and Egypt, two sub-Saharan countries experiencing steady economic growth. So as to make a strong argument the paper holds that while many third world countries are endowed with a wide range of economic resources and/or activities, international tourism has over the years continued to play a central role in shaping their economic destinies. International Tourism and Development Tourism in its simplest definition refers to the industry that provides travel and entertainment facilities for people away from their own homes (Richmond, 2000). However, it is important to note that in tourism, there are seasons when the activities are at peak and other times when they go off peak. Most tourists usually go for tourism activities during their vacations which might be based on domestic and/or international calendars. International tourism evolved after the Second World War and by the year 1999, it accounted for six percent of the global economy (Ghosh, Siddique Gabbay, 2003, p.19). This finding is in line with the generalization that tourism accounts for a significant portion of the world economy. In connection to this, it can be argued that international tourism has been a culmination of efforts made by the international community to alleviate developing countries from their vicious cycles of poverty. This argument is supported by the fact most international communities have been at the forefront in sensitizing developing nations on the need to invest heavily in relevant sectors like tourism for sustainable growth and development. After all, and Zhao and Xingqun (2010) finds, the development of any country is the only practical mechanism capable of lifting people out of vicious cycles of poverty and making them equal partners in the society (p.207). Apparently, these authors agree that being one of the major ways through which developing nations earns foreign exchange, tourism has continuously provided the most practical path along which masses can easily be uplifted from the densely intertwined vicious cycles of poverty their reside in. Theories in Tourism Development From a conventional tourism context, at least three theoretical frameworks have been fronted in attempts to streamline the industry and extract the most benefits out of it. These theories include dependency, development versus underdevelopment, and basic needs versus human development theories. It is imperative to point out that these theories have been applied independently and sometimes by players in understanding its management. Dependency Theory Dependency theory is about the unequal economic and political exchange that normally takes place between the developed countries and the less developed ones (Britton, 1982, p.56). The theory is concerned about the dependency that exists in the world in the sense that most developing countries have been noted to continually seek help from the developed countries, help that has mostly been used for infrastructure development purposes in major economic sectors such as tourism. Development versus Underdevelopment Theory On the other hand, underdevelopment theory holds that underdeveloped nations promote tourism with the main aim of making it to be a sector that generates foreign exchange and in so doing help them realize development goals. For instance, many developing nations have been keen on promoting tourism activities in bid to create more employment opportunities for their people, utilize natural as well as manmade resources, and most importantly, as a way of attracting development partners which in turn enhance economic independence (Martin Ian, 2009, p. 53). Even so, it is imperative to point out that unlike the dependency theory the development versus underdevelopment theory is built on the premises of good corporate governance and unrelenting evolutionary pressures emanating from perpetual demographics and technological change (Milne, 2001, p.372). As such therefore, this theory seems to be more bent on incorporating international institutions given that it is known that they play a core role in enhancing transparency and accountability among developing economies. Tellingly, this theory has a got a firm conviction on the role played by these global institutions in shaping tourism advancement and development particularly in the third world countries. Though they are many the most conspicuous (in terms of their overall contributions) of these institutions are; World Bank and International Monetary Fund which have been instrumental in shaping tourism activities especially in the less developed countries. Basic Needs versus Human Development Theory Public policy enthusiasts have been noted to base most of their analysis on the Maslows hierarchy of needs which is by far one of the most motivational theories in the public domain (Andriotis, 2001, p.312). In relation to tourism activities, it is arguable that tourists also attach great importance on the hierarchy of needs as presented by Maslow when making tour expedition plans. For instance, one of the greatest concerns among tourists is their safety. This is because when their physiological safety is guaranteed their self esteem will be boosted and therefore this will heighten the chances of self actualization which has been noted to be the greatest achievement that many tourists seek while in their tour expedition. Role of the World Bank and other International Agencies in Tourism and International Development World Bank and other international institutions have the noble role of facilitating international development. However, most of these developments have been concentrated in the less developed countries as these institutions embark on fulfilling one of their core mandate of facilitating growth and development in the form of bridging the gap between the developed world and the less development countries. The devotion of the World Bank in trying to bring international development in these nations can be seen from several bodies, for example, International Finance Corporation which is one of the World Bank constituent agencies has immensely invested in tourism especially in the poorest countries of the world (Youthink, 2010). World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have also been major players in infrastructural development in the least developed countries. Infrastructures such as road and other telecommunication network have been brought up in these countries under the initiative of World Bank and IMF. The provision of infrastructure facilities and services for tourists, that is, roads, communications, health and sanitation services have been designed to benefit the tourists and the local communities at the same time (WTO, 2002, p.31).this has occasioned progressive development in majority of these countries. In addition, World Tourism Organization, a sector-specific organization that brings together tourist destination territories in close partnership with both the World Bank and the IMF, is tasked with the core role of promoting development and sustainability of tourism activities particularly among developing countries. This organization makes sure that global ethics and codes on matters that relates to tourism are strictly adhered to by the member countries (International Relations Cooperation, 2011). No doubt, efforts coordinated through this organization have over the years continued to bring about sustained growth and development which translates to the overall economic advancement of its member states which in turn leads to international development. International Cooperation Initiatives that Contribute to Tourism and Development As earlier mentioned, tourism is a key aspect in any countrys development agenda. As such therefore, in a bid to guarantee rapid growth and advancement through tourism, a number of international cooperation initiatives have since been instituted to help contribute to tourism and development as a whole. For instance, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) is one of these co-operations that have been put in place to help steer tourism and development agendas among member countries. Precisely, ever since it was incorporation WTTC has been committed to enhancing environmentally sustainable development programs (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 1999, p.3). Away from the specific roles that WTTC plays and basing on the notion that tourism is heavily depended on environmental features it is only wise to argue that any cooperation that intends to promote tourism must safeguard the immediate environment so as to avoid the depletion of natural features for the future tourism activities. In this regard and according to WTTC research, the travel and tourism sector in India, for instance, generates as much as 17.7 million employment opportunities for both Indian citizens and nationals of other countries. No doubt this is a practical indicator that indeed tourism industry plays a central role in creating positive development co-operations among the world economies. In addition, in Central America, the countries in the region formed America Regional Integration (ARI) that bring the countries together in the region and facilitates cooperation initiatives in several spheres of the economy. ARI outlines several contours of the dual processes of regional integration and tourism development in the region (Ferguson, 2010). This brings forth cooperation of the member countries in collaboration on issues that relate to tourism and general development matters. Moreover, International Tourism Partnership (ITP) is another international body that brings forth cooperation among nations on issues relating to tourism. Within ITP, airlines, hotels, tour operators and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) work together to promote sustainable business activities within tourism and travel industry (Sharpley David, 2008, p.3). This ensures coordination of tourists activities which is very important to tourist related features that spans several countries. Given that tourism is taken to be a driver of economies of most countries, it is therefore important that bilateral and multilateral cooperation among neighbouring as well as far apart countries be interwoven with tourism activities. Most countries have therefore entered into foreign policy cooperation with several partners in crafting joint policies that seek to promote tourist activities between or among them (David, Maria Ginger, 2008, p.141). perhaps this is following the realization that joint policy formulation between and among nations provides good operating environment for tourism activities which in turn spur economic growth among the participating parties. Tourism has also become a core factor in poverty alleviation through Sustainable Tourism Eradicate Poverty (STEP), an initiative that has since gained support from major tourist destination territories across the developing world. In the year 2000, poverty was identified as the biggest challenge on the globe and therefore millennium development goals were set up to help eradicate poverty by the year 2015. Those in tourism sector responded well for the call and World Tourism Organization launched STEP initiative which is focused on long term mechanisms of sustaining tourism activities that can alleviate poverty and ensure development of the less developed countries (World Tourism Organization, 2010). The STEP is a proactive initiative that seeks to bring forth development to the disadvantaged groups especially in the less developed nations in order to attain the millennium development goal number one of poverty eradication. The Case Study of Kenya and Egypt Tourism Profile in Kenya Tourism is one of the most stable and well established sectors of the Kenyan economy. As a matter of fact, the tourism industry occupies the second position in terms of foreign exchange earnings amassed by the country every year (Davies Knivett, 2008, p. 215). The main attraction ranges from national parks which are spread around the country and game reserves. The renowned Great Rift Valley scenery is also another key tourist attraction in the country. These are the key tourism activities although there are other diverse natural as well as manmade features that serve as supplements to the main features. The Kenya Tourist Board (KTB) is the central agency formulated by the Kenyan government to spearhead all matters related to the marketing of the industry. In addition, the seriousness with which tourism activities are taken within the country is underscored by the fact that the Kenyan government has created an independent ministry to coordinate tourism activities within the country. The KTB as well as a host of other national and international agencies that are actively involved in running tourism activities in the country operate under this ministry. Some of these bodies include Ecotourism Kenya which promotes sustainable tourism practices within the tourism industry in the country (Ecotourism Kenya, 2011). This ensures that the environment which is vital in tourism activities is not adversely affected by man activities as well as enhancement of sustainable activities that relate to tourism for the future of the country. Given that Kenya is endowed with a wide range of diversity of resources that ranges right from mountain ecosystems, marine to arid and semi arid (Mwanjala, 2005, p.4), it can be argued that this body plays a core role. In addition, the Kenya government has put much emphasis on the conservation of natural ecosystems and in so doing a total of twenty seven national parks, four wildlife sanctuaries and thirty four national reserves have since been set aside and continuously protected by the successive governments as a way of promoting sustainable tourism activities. International Agencies Involvement in Tourism Development in Kenya For a long time, the Kenyan government has continued to recognize the tourism sector as a tool for poverty alleviation and economic advancement. In so doing, the government has sought cooperation from the international community in participating actively in tourism activities within the country. For instance, the government has succeeded in initiating sustainable cooperation with international agencies such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other United Nations bodies to assist in instituting necessary infrastructure that could facilitate tourists activities. This has led to deeper involvement of these international bodies in setting up of key structures for example, most of the major highways in the country were put up by the joint efforts of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Manyara Jones, 2009, p.238). This has positively impacted on the growth of tourism sector as well as other related sectors such as hospitality and agricultures industries. In addition, Kenya has ever since been a member of the International Ecotourism Society (TIES) which is the agency that coordinates ecotourism in the world (Akama, 2002, p.12). The organization therefore promotes tourism development in Kenya by providing technical assistance, training, research in the tourism sector and provision of standards and guidelines that ensures that tourism services and products maintains and upholds the standards required in the world market and in so doing promoting and upholding the existing natural ecosystems. How Tourism Development has Addressed Some Problems in Kenya Kenya is a developing country characterized by several problems that are related to underdevelopment. The most dominant of all these problems is the increasing poverty levels among majority of its population. Over the years, the tourism sector has continued to occupy the central position in the fight against the increasing levels of poverty particularly among communities living within most natural ecosystems frequented by tourists. As a matter of fact, through the foreign exchange that the country amasses every year, several development initiatives are established in addressing the biting poverty levels within the country. As dominant sector in the country, tourism has employed quite a significant number of the Kenyan population. Today several Kenyans serves in several sub sectors of the industry that include tour guides, transport services, as well as areas of food and beverages and accommodations services. A significant percent of the population earn their living from these tourism related occupations and as a result contribute immensely to the Gross Domestic Product of the country. Apart from solving unemployment related problems, tourism also helps in fighting and alleviating poverty problems in the country (Jenkins, 1982, p.62).Needless to say, by addressing these two core social problems, tourism has positively boosted the countrys economy. Developing countries have also been characterized by poor infrastructure network and Kenya is not an exception. However, with the involvement of the international agencies such as World Bank and IMF in boosting tourism activities, several infrastructural facilities have since been set up (Walter, 2003). Despite this contributing to tourism, it has also been beneficial to the entire economic performance as other sectors of the economy such as trade, agriculture among others also use these infrastructural developments. This has indirectly helped to address even other sectors such as telecommunication in the country. Effectiveness of International Cooperation Initiatives in Tourism Development in Kenya International cooperation has been beneficial to the tourism sector in Kenya. Through international initiative like efforts put in by organs such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, tourism has been identified as the most promising industry in developing states including Kenya (James, 2010). The international cooperation that exists between Kenya and these agencies has led to effective as structures of economy being set up which both tourism and other sectors of the economy have benefited. The core objective of tourism as a sector of the economy is to accelerate the economy of the country through sound tourism management. This has been effective in the Kenyan case since tourism is graded as the second largest foreign earner to the country. This has been made possible by initiatives of the international agencies in promoting tourist activities in the country which have resulted to positive outcome where by tourism earning have been d increasing tremendously. Tourism profile in Egypt Historically, Egypt has been widely known for its massive tourism industry. It has always been a destination where Europeans and other groups visit to see some of its antiquities dating back to the eras of early civilization (Egypt Government, 2010). There are unique tourism destinations in Egypt which includes but not limited to Safaga, Hurghada, Sharm el Sheikh, pyramids among others which have been at the centre of attraction for many tourists. This makes tourism one of the most valuable and important sector of the Egypt economy. For example, in the year 2008, eleven billion US dollars of the countrys income was attributed to tourism sector. In terms of infrastructural institution, Egypt is fairly developed compared to other developing countries in the region and this gives it some edge against other players such as Kenya (Tama, 1988). The peak season for tourists activities in Egypt starts from mid October to May which is normally characterized by spring and winter in terms of climatic conditions. However, it is important to note that in terms of safety, terrorism has at occasions affected the industry negatively with foreign tourists being targeted as potential victims. This has often translated to negative impacts on the industry. How Tourism Development is Addressed Some Problems in Egypt Tourism has been described as the act of people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure and which has been remarkable for economic and social improvements of countries and their people (Zakaria et al, 2009). In this regard, Egypt has been a dominant player in the fields of tourism due to its historical richness. The country has therefore reaped heavily from the sector and in so doing; tourism has helped to address several problems of underdevelopment. This ranges from infrastructural development, to creation of employment opportunities to stable economy. The significant revenues that are accrued from the tourism sector are also diverted and used in other sectors of the economy. For example, some of the revenues are directed to the education sector where by significant improvement and advancements have since been made. This has helped in solving the illiteracy problem which is a major problem to most developing countries. Effectiveness of International Cooperation Initiatives in Tourism Development in Egypt There exist several international agencies that are in cooperation with Egypt whose main agenda is to develop tourism industry which in turn helps to revolutionize the economy. For example, there exists several Italian NGOs which have since partnered with the civil society with the aim of promoting development through tourist related activities (Cooperation Italiana, 2011). Through these NGOs a number social initiatives have since been directly initiated among the communities living near major tourist attractions and indirectly across the country nation-wide activities that span a wide range of social issues such as education, health, security and agriculture. This has been made possible through giving-back-to-the-community initiatives which are part of the wider mutual partnerships between the Italian and the Egyptian governments. In addition, UN constituent agencies such as the UNESCO have also entered into cooperation which the government of Egypt where several initiatives within the realm of education and cultural tourism have since been undertaken (Yerevan, 1981). As a matter of fact, the agreement on cultural tourism can be argued to be a positive measure toward the protection and promotion of the Egyptian cultural sites and practices. Through this cooperation, various cultural sites and activities have been successfully marketed leading to significant improvement and development in tourism activities and hence the entire Egyptian economy. In addition, Egypt enjoy close foreign cooperation with the United States and it is from this close ties that United States-Egypt Friendship Society was established (Egypt, 2008). This cooperation has facilitated economic benefits to Egypt from United States which are granted to the government of Egypt to improve various tourism activities alongside with other sectors of the economy. Moreover, Egypt is a member of the Triangular Cooperation which is an organization that draws it membership from several countries and which provide aid to different sectors of the economy to the member states (Talita, 2010). This cooperation has contributed positively to the development of Egypt economy as the aid given is directed to development sectors including but not limited to tourism. This has translated to positive economic development of Egypt as a country as it is one of the stable economies among the developing world. Conclusion Tourism is a global phenomenon which manifests itself locally, regionally and internationally. It is widely categorized into two categories, with tourism activities that involve purely local people being referred to as domestic tourism while those involving participants from across the border are referred to as foreign tourism. Tourism has been proved to be a vital driver of economies of majority of the countries. In the two developing countries discussed in this paper (Kenya and Egypt), tourism has been at the centre stage in transforming their economies and addressing pertinent societal concerns such as poverty, unemployment and illiteracy. In addition, tourism has also positively impacted on other sectors of economy in these two countries through the improvement of the local infrastructure frameworks.

Use of gis and remote sensing data

Use of gis and remote sensing data INTRODUCTION Studies have shown that only few landscape on earth surface remain unaltered or in their natural state and is due to immerse demographic pressure and anthropogenic activities (Zubair, 2006). Competition between species and human beings has been the leading cause of land cover change in the world. This factor is substantially verified by the conversion of forest land to other uses like farmlands for agriculture, industry urban development, infrastructure, recreation and others. (Brown, 2004) Forest plays an important role in the overall stability of carbon in the atmosphere mitigating or exacerbating the effects of global warming. Therefore, Forest carbon sequestration can help to minimise the raise of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, (Juan and Louis, 2009) It is therefore important to note that forests are counted among the worlds chief carbon sinks contributors. They store more than 289 giga tonnes (Gt) of carbon in their litter, deadwoods and soil and these are more than the carbon found in the atmosphere. Globally, there was decrease in carbon stocks of forest biomes of 0.5 Gt a year between 2000 2010 and was mainly due to deforestation, (FAO, 2010) â€Å"Globally, about 13 million hectares of forests were changed to other uses an some were lost through natural causes each year, that is between 2000 and 2010 as when compared to almost 16 million hectares per year during the 1990s† (FAO, 2010). The biggest losses or the highest net annual loss of forests from 2000 to 2010, are in South America and Africa with four and 3.4 million hectares respectively. On the other hand, a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO, 2010) reveal that generally, the destruction of tropical forest for agricultural activities has decreased over the last ten years, but the rate of deforestation for other activities continues to increase at an alarming high rate. The tropical rain forests are significant component of the climate system and play an important role in the total carbon-dioxide exchange balance of the earths plant cover. McGuffie et al. (1995) suggested that the existence of tropical rain forest has a great influence on regional climate and as such tropical deforestation has been seen to affect the climate of different parts of the world. Tropical forests make up the most diversified ecosystems in the world with the highest biomass per square metre especially in the lowland rain forest (McGuffie et al. 1995). But much of the forest areas have been subjected to continuous depletion as a result of artificial or natural factors. The annual rate of destruction to the rain forest seems to be increasing and could double in the next few decade (Myers, 1992). The tropical rain forest in Nigeria is also undergoing severe exploitation as a result of population growth, urban expansions, mismanagement and socio-economic development. The process of deforestation is mainly caused by clearing of forest land for agricultural activities, logging, fuel wood, mining and industrialization etc. Like most tropical regions of the world, deforestation remain a key issue on environmental, ecological and socio-economic challenge in Nigeria (Uneke and Ibeh, 2009) Nigeria has the highest deforestation rate of primary forests from the revised deforestation figures obtained from Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). Between 2000 and 2005 the country lost 55.5% of its primary forests and contributes 3.3% in the world therefore ranked the world highest rate deforested country. Since 1990 the country has lost a total of 6.1 million hectares or 35.7% of its forest covers and this has result in the lost of its primary or old forest at a faster rate. Since 2000 report have shown that Nigeria is losing at an average of 11% of this primary forest and which has double the rate of 1990s. Moreover, the Nigeria First National Biodiversity Report-NFNBR (2001) estimates the rate of deforestation at about 5% annually compared with 0.6% globally. The major causes of deforestation in Nigeria include corruption, overpopulation, urbanization, population growth, inequitable distribution of wealth, and poverty (Ayodele, 2010).The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has stated that the overwhelming cause of deforestation is agriculture. It stated that subsistence agriculture accounts for 48% of deforestation, while 32% of deforestation results from commercial agriculture. Wood-fuel is said to account for 5%. Forest biomass has remained the most common source of household energy in Nigeria, meeting 80% of domestic energy requirements. In 1992, alone, forest wood and charcoal products were estimated at 55 million tons, suggesting that much forest woods are been used for domestic purposes. According to Choji (2005), more than half of 9.6 million ha of rain forests in the south of Nigeria have been used to meet the demand for fuel wood in rural and urban neighbourhoods. Compared with the costs of petroleum product, fuel wood is cheaper than any commercial fuel substitute and this has, over the years, increased forest depletion. He further noted that this appears to have propounded effect on the environment and the sustainability of the forest. Similarly,(Uyigue and Agho,2007) also noted Logging, urbanization, oil exploitation, subsistence agriculture, and the collection of fuel-wood among all are noted as foremost causes of deforestation in Nigeria. Therefore an attempt will be made in this study to map out the status of changes in the forest areas of Niger Delta Region of Nigeria between 1987 and 2002 using both remote sensing and GIS. Research Question: Is there change in forest cover in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria between 1987 and 2002? Aim: To identify and map out changes in forest cover of Niger Delta Region Nigeria and adopt suitable methods in detecting such changes using remote sensing data and GIS techniques Objectives: * To analyze the Spatio-Temporal change in forest cover using classification methods * To apply different change detection techniques and identify changes in forest cover * To map out areas of changes * To analyze the effects of land cover change in the region and to suggest some recommendations. THE STUDY AREA The study area is located in the Atlantic coastline of southern Nigeria 5 °30N 6 °30s. Niger Delta region falls within the tropical rain forest zone of the world. Its named as the second largest delta in the world occupying about 450 kilometres spanning coastline. The region is describes as largest wetland in Africa and covers over 2000 square kilometres that mainly consists of lakes, rivers and creeks. Ecosystem is diverse and highly supportive to numerous species both aquatic and terrestrial and human life, (Uyigue and Agho, 2007). The region is vegetation cover is mainly swamp forest which can be further divided into two classes; the Mangrove and the fresh water forest. The Mangrove spanning around 1900 square kilometres and the largest in Africa,(Uyigue and Agho,2007). The main features of its geography include extreme blocks of luxuriant high forest that occur in the region. It has the largest ply-wood and veneer plants in West Africa and has known as a centre for saw milling. The area consist of three types of forest strata of tree tall (120m high), moderate (50m 100m) and those below 50m.Some common trees found in the area are obeche, abura, sepele and mahogany. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/523642/Sapele States found around the region include Niger Delta, Port Harcourt to south western states Oyo, Osun and Lagos state. The region has heavy precipitation of between 1824 millimetres and over 4000 millimetres along the coast. Rainfall falls throughout the year with a shorter break in August and longer one from December to January. Trade winds originated from Atlantic Ocean of the southern part of the country is responsible for Nigerian rainy seasons Nigeria. The region has an equatorial monsoon climate; temperature ranges between 28 °C (82.4 °F) and 26 °C (78.8 °F) (Wikipedia). Map showing the location of the study area LITERATURE REVIEW Landsat is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in monitoring global change and is primary source of medium spatial resolution earth observation used in decision making (Gyanesh Chandera et al., 2009). Remote sensed imagery provides accurate understanding and comprehensive way of modelling and projecting land change (Elvidge et al., 2004) With the introduction of landSat5 1984 and landSat7 ETM+ 2002, this has marked a significant advance in remote sensing through obtaining more sophisticated advance sensor; improve acquisition and transmission of data and more rapid processing at a highly processing facility (Gyanesh Chandera et al., 2009). Change Detection is one of the main applications of remote sensed data. A considerable amount of literatures has been published by the researchers in trying to quantify and assess land cover change detection Change detection is the process of identifying differences in the state on an object or phenomena by observing it at different times, over a certain period of time. (Singh, 1989) cited in (Lu et. al., 2004) A quite number of change detection techniques have been summarised by many authors in an attempt to find out land cover changes over time. Lu et al., (2004) categorizes these techniques into seven classes ranging from simple algebras to more complex and advance ones namely; Algebra which include image rationing, image differencing vegetation index differencing, Change vector analysis, others in the category includes transformations, classifications, Advance models, Biophysical parameter methods and those that involve the combination of both GIS and remote sensing data for analysis Change detection have gained wide range of application in the field land use land cover change; Peiju et al., (2010), reported to have used multi- temporal remote sensing Landsat TM to monitored urban land cover and vegetation change in Xuzhon city between 1987 2007, the result of the statistical analysis show that build up areas have obviously increase while farmland have seen in a continuous loss due to urban growth and human activities. Zubair (2006) detects changes in land use land cover in Kwara state Nigeria between 1972 1nd 2001 using change detection techniques of GIS and remote sensing data, the result of the analysis show that there was rapid growth in the built up areas and was a result of population pressure. He noted that there was steady reduction in forest cover in the study area and further predicts continues loss in subsequent years. Chen, 2002, noted the use of GIS and remote sensing techniques and monitors changes along the coastline zone of Korea, the result of t he study show that both human and natural factors are responsible for the change and this has on the other hand impacted the sustainable development of the region. Janifer et al., 2010, monitors forest change in the landscapes area of Chile between 1975 and 2008, the result of the study show an average rate Deforestation was -1.7% and shrub land -0.7%, however agriculture and timber plantations increased at annual rate of 1.1% and 3.3% respectively. The study concludes there is progressive lost of forest cover in the region. Moreover, in the field of Urban and environmental change; George et al., (2009), used Landsat imagery change detection methods in updating the 2001 national land cover database land cover classification to 2006, conservative thresholds based on Anderson level 1 classes were used to segregate the change vectors and determine areas of change and no change. An accuracy of 83.225% of the five selected areas achieved. Woodcock et al., (2001) noted Landsat in detecting environmental change over time, the study makes use of generalization method in monitoring large areas for forest change and conclude that method is state-of-the earth as other methods and consumes less time as other conventional methods Change detection in the field of forest or vegetation change includes the work of Chengquan et al., (2009), in the assessment of Paraguays forest cover change using Landsat observation of high resolution image showed that Atlantic forest ecosystem experienced the most loss with the 73.4% forest cover in the 1970s decreasing precipitously down to 40.4% by the 1990s and further down to 24.9% by the year 2000. Rasuly et al., 2010, noted the advantage of using GIS and remote sensing techniques to monitor the rate of forest alterations in the Arasbaran protected area using various methods, the result of the study show that about 6146.9 hectares of the area has being deforested over the past 18 years, in cooperating with the GIS also show that the lost was due to physiographic factors and they suggest to distant settlements from the protected area. Similarly Li et al., 2011, noted the advantage of Landsat Lider fusion for modelling the height of young forest. Schlerf and Atzberger (2005), estimates the structural canopy variables using hyper spectral remote sensing data INFORM â€Å"Invertible forest Reflectance Model†. Main advantage of this method is that it does not require previous calibration. Olthot el al., (2004) map out deciduous forest of ice storm damage using Landsat and environmental data in the east of Ontario, the study show a limitation in the difficulty of both remote sensing and environmental data to discriminate many levels of the deciduous ice damage, however it can be consider as a useful technique in differentiating areas of low to medium damage from the severe damage. An overall accuracy of 69% was achieved. Mapedza et al., 2003, investigate s land cover change of the forest reserve area of Mafungautsi Zimbabwe, the study show that whilst forest cover within the reserve remain the same, but however there is steadily decline outs its boundaries as a result of agricultural expansions, the collection of fuel wood and building materials demand 3.0 METHODOLOGY Pair of multi- temporal cloud free Landsat images was selected to classify the study area; 1987 and 2002, the image of image 1987 was Landsat 5 TM and the other Landsat 7 ETM+. The images were downloaded from GLCF websites in different layers and will be layer stack together using ERDAS Imagery 9.2. A subset will be collected and image enhancement is to apply using Histogram equalised to visualised features more clearly. The images were geo-reference to Universal transverse Mercator (WGS84 zone 32), and a common geo-link window covering the same geographical coordinates were then extracted from each image 3.1.1IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES: Digital image processing is classified into three classes which includes; pre-processing phase, processing phase and the post-processing phase. The pre-processing phase is the first stage in the processing technique, it involves correction of data through various means and techniques, different types of errors that are associated with any satellite images includes; geometrical error, atmospheric error and radiometric error. Geometric correction is a technique used to correct errors that are usually induced by sensor viewing, geometry and terrain variations, it involves correcting spatial distortion in an image due to earth curvature, atmosphere etc and thus giving it a real world coordinate system. The two images to be used in this study will not undergo the pre-processing phase because the two images obtained are ortho-rectified. The processing stages involve manipulation of images through the spatial enhancement and the spectral enhancement techniques. Image Enhancement; the procedure is applied in order to display effectively the tonal distinctions within various features display in the image. It normally involves techniques for increasing the visual distinctions between features to assists in visual interpretation and analysis. (lillesand et al., 2008 p482 ) Histogram -equalised stretch is going to apply to expand the DN values and also enhance the quality of the features in the image so that radiometric detail is enhanced. (Lillesand et al., 2008) 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS Supervised classification, using maximum likelihood algorithm is going to be used, supervised classification requires selection of sufficient training sample which are subsequently used to assign image pixels to the training samples that best fits the corresponding data, it separately classifies multi-temporal images, pixel by pixel. Supervised classification requires an immense amount of time and know-how in creating classified products. Moreover, the final accuracy depends upon on the value of the classified image of each date. Yueling and Xu (2010),reported to have used supervised classification technique in monitoring and driving force analysis of urban expansion in Guangzau City China and the result of the outcome shows an annual 19.7% growth rate. Post-classification comparison (PCC), is another important method that is recognized as the most effective and accurate method of detecting changes in mages with different dates and registry, the algorithm is capable of comparing the classified images pixel by pixel. The use of PCC is thus reduces the environmental and atmospheric effects associated with the temporal images and thus provide a complete change matrix (Lu et al., 2004). Accuracy assessment is the overall accuracy of the work done; it shows the proportion of ground sampling points that are correctly classified. The user accuracy shows the proportion of classified pixels in according with the actual ground types as taken from the ground truth testing data. Accuracy assessment allows you to evaluate a classified image file (Thematic raster layer). 3.1.2 CHANGE DETECTION TECHNIQUES: Change detection techniques is useful in a wide variety of applications such as; land use change analysis, monitoring shifting cultivation, assessment of deforestation etc. change detection techniques to be used for this studies will include; change vector analysis, image ratios and image differencing. These techniques have the ability to calculate area change, change rate as well as the spatial distribution changes. These techniques will involve computing the area covered by each of the two supervised classified images from the two data sources independently and compare between the two images for increase or decrease in changes that have occurred in terms of forest change cover (Lu et al., 2004). Change vector analysis is a technique that generates two outputs, the first output produced is on spectral change from the first to the second image and the second output will produce the total change magnitude per pixel, Change vector analysis is computed by determining the Euclidean distance between end points through n-dimensional change space (Lu et al., 2004). Its main advantage in terms of analyzing change detection is its ability to process any number of spectral bands desired by the analyst and capable of producing in detailed of change detection information as it defines threshold and identify change trajectories which is a good way to calculate percentage rate of change that has occurred in a particular studies. Moreover the direction of the spectral change is often relates to that type of change that had occurred (Lillesand et al., 2008). Method was used by Allen and Kupfer (2000) in conifer forest change detection. Image differencing is a change detection technique that will be used in this research to extract more information regarding the changes that have occurred in the study area; image differencing subtracts the first date image from the second date image, pixel by pixel to show the changes within the two dated images, it identifies suitable image bands and thresholds. Image differencing usually yields a better results when carried out on the intensity bands generated by transforming the RGB data sets into IHS color space. Singh (1986) applied this method in tropical forest change, similarly (Jha and Unni 1994) in forest conservation change detection. Image ratio is going to be applied because it is a simple way of trying to extract useful information from TM imagery. With image ratio technique, intensities of reflected energy recorded in one band for the pixel of a satellite images are divided by intensities in the same band for the other rectified images. Image ratios describe the color of an object, although the color only corresponds to human perception when the three visible bands of red, green and blue are considered. Image ratio is prepared by dividing the digital number in one band by the corresponding digital number in another band for each pixel, thus stretching the resulting values, and plotting the new values as an image rationing is an effective way of visualizing different types of soils because the main spectral differences in the visible and near infrared spectral regions are found in the slope of the reflectivity curves. It calculates the related quantity of registered images of different two dates pixel by pixel. Ratios for changed areas have higher values or lower ratio values whereas an area of no change tends to move towards one (1). An important advantage of this method is it tends s to normalize the impact of sun angle and shadow which has been caused as a result of external factors. (Lillesand et al., 2008 p596) Method has being used in land use mapping and change detection by Prakash and Gupta (1998) Finally, overlay operations would be made to see the changes that occur in the region. And Data is exported to GIS data base for map production. The above figure show a change detection procedure for the Landsat Images would undergo during the analysis.

Henry Ford :: essays research papers fc

Henry Ford was one of the most important and influential inventors and businessmen in the short history of America. He revolutionized the business world and he changed forever the efficiency of factories around the world. One of the reasons that Henry Ford can be considered such an important man is that his ideas and concepts are still used today. Boron on July 30, in the year of 1863, Henry Ford was the oldest child of the family. His parents, William and Mary Ford, were â€Å"prosperous farmers† in his hometown of Dearborn. While they we’re well off for farmers, Ford certainly wasn’t spoiled and fed from silver spoons. Ford was just like any other typical young boy during the rural nineteenth century. From early on there we’re signs that Henry was going to be something more than a farmer. He looked with interest upon the machinery that his father and himself used for their farming, and looked with disdain at the rigorous chores of a farmer. In the year 1879, Henry being a meager 16 years old, he moved to the city of Detroit where he would work as an apprentice machinist. Henry would remain in Detroit working and learning about all varieties of machines. Although he occasionally came back to visit Dearborn, he mostly stayed in Detroit, picking up more and more valuable knowledge. This apprenticeship allowed him to work in the factories of Detroit and learn what a hard working blue-collar job was like. When he did return to Dearborn he was always tearing apart and rebuilding his fathers machines, along with the dreaded farm chores. Henry Ford was a hard worker and that was proven by him getting fired from one of his jobs in Detroit because the older employees we’re mad at him because he was finishing his repairs in a half hour rather than the usual five hours. Clara Bryant would represent the next step in now twenty-five year old Henry Ford’s life. The two lovers we’re married in 1888 and would endure good times as well as bad. In order to support his new wife Henry was forced to work the land as he ran a sawmill that was given to him by his father. His father actually attempted to bribe Henry to stay in the farming business as he gave him the land only under the condition that he would continue on as a farmer.