Ethan Frome Vs. The Awakening Essay

Is independence an intangible dream? Are people truly individuals, or merely products of their environment? Edith Wharton and Kate Chopin explore the question in Ethan Frome and The Awakening, in which the protagonists are led by outside forces to challenge societal conventions. Employing the use of characterization, symbolism, and metaphor, the authors demonstrate that attempting to do so can lead to one’s destruction. The main characters in Frome and Awakening fill necessary roles and share similar attributes. Ethan is described as a loner, quiet, and uncomfortable interacting with people in town, even with Mattie, the woman he loves. He cowers in the formidable presence of his bitter wife, unwilling to defend himself against her wrath. Similarly, Edna feels out of place in both the relaxed Creole environment and stiff Victorian society. In many instances, she does not even understand herself and can’t explain her behavior to family or friends. Both characters struggle to escape their surroundings. Ethan dreams desperately of leaving Starkfield behind for the West while Edna builds her own dream house in favor of the â€Å"gilded cage† in which her husband placed her. The â€Å"villainess† of Wharton’s novelette is Zenobia Frome, Ethan’s wife. She is characterized repeatedly as embittered, inscrutable, and sickly. Her marriage to Ethan is loveless and she prefers nursing her many illnesses than keeping the company of her husband. Leonce Pontellier is Edna’s controlling partner, intent on molding her into his ideal wife. He despairs over Edna’s abandonment of convention, the absence of proper adulation toward him and lack of motherly devotion. To Leonce, Edna is a possession, an expensive commodity â€Å"‘You are burnt beyond recognition,’ he added, looking at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of personal property which has suffered some damage.† Mattie Silver in Frome and Robert Lebrun in Awakening play crucial roles in their respected stories. They are interlopers in unhappy marriages and possess all the qualities that Ethan and Edna long for. Mattie is the teasing, laughing cousin of Zeena. Her sparkling personality stands in sharp contrast against the Fromes’. She is associated with light and brings happiness into Ethan’s bleak world. Robert Lebrun is the flirtatious Creole Edna falls in love with. His appeal is his careless sensuality and his careful attention of Edna and her whims. Although neither relationship is consummated, Mattie and  Robert are symbols of life without constraint, of what could be if the chains of society were cast off. Symbolism is found in many every day occurrences and items within Ethan Frome and The Awakening. Edith Wharton’s use of snow and dreariness underlies the repeated symbol of death and decay. Most of the story takes place in the depths of winter, when life drains from plants and trees, when water stops flowing, and when living creatures hibernate. Even people, to escape winter, bury themselves inside small huts and houses. Although performing the basic functions of one alive, Zeena has cut herself off from the world. Figuratively, she is dead. After the smash-up, Mattie and Ethan entomb themselves with her in their small, meager shack. Another repetitive symbol is the color red. It constantly is in conjunction with Mattie; a ribbon in her hair, a scarf about her neck. â€Å"†Ã‚ ¦through her hair she had run a streak of crimson ribbon. This tribute†Ã‚ ¦transformed and glorified her. She seemed†Ã‚ ¦more womanly†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  The bold color often appears when Ethan is feeling particularly passionate about his love for Mattie. It is a signature of her vitality and youthful energy. The antique pickle dish of Zeena’s becomes an important symbol after it breaks. The fragile glass represents the Fromes shattered marriage, carelessly handled by Mattie. Ethan attempts to conceal the ruined dish by carefully placing the pieces next to each other, hiding it back on the shelf as if nothing is wrong. Zeena, with her discovery, places more value on a material object than on the relationships disintegrating around her. She mourns the destruction of an antique rather than her true loss: her marriage. Symbolism within The Awakening is a constant reminder of society. Madame AdÃÆ' ¨le Ratignolle is often described as the perfect society woman. She is beautiful, a loving mother, an adoring wife, and completely subservient to her husband’s opinion. Madame Ratignolle would do anything for her children. In contrast, Edna claims that she would sacrifice her life for her children, but she would not sacrifice herself for them. While AdÃÆ' ¨le is the symbol for ev erything Edna should strive to be, she also serves as a figure of what Edna hopes to break free of as the story progresses. The Awakening opens with a parrot shrieking in two different languages. It is explained that the parrot possesses knowledge of a little French â€Å"a little Spanish, and also a language which nobody understood.† The  parrot symbolizes Edna and her life; forever caged in a role that does not suit her strong willed character. She acts (or â€Å"sings†), in ways that bewilder her peers. When Mademoiselle Reisz put her arms around Edna and felt her shoulder blades to see if her â€Å"wings were strong† she said â€Å"the bird that would soar above the level plain of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a sad spectacle to see the weaklings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth.† This serves emphasize the â€Å"caged bird† theme as well as foreshadow Edna’s eventual fate. The most important piece of symbolism is the sea. The water simultaneously draws and repels Edna; she fears it, yet is seduced by its’ hypnotic flow. Edna was unable to swim because she was afraid of abandoning herself to the sea. For her, learning to swim was a symbol of her sexual awakening and her desire to rebel against social conventions. She wants to swim â€Å"where no woman had swum before† but in her daring, swims further out than she intends and fear seizes her once again. Sledding is an activity in which the rider may submit to gravity and the elements, or steer to alter course. This winter sport serves as an extended metaphor in Ethan Frome. In agreeing with Mattie’s suicide plan, Ethan decides to steer and drive into the elm. As an endeavor fraught with danger, the sleigh ride serves as metaphorical sexual encounter. The structure is such that it imitates the intimate act. However, the end has unforeseeable and tragic consequences when the intended suicide goes wrong. Clothing during the Victorian era was restricting, binding: like cages. Throughout The Awakening Edna sheds more and more clothing through each scene, metaphorically removing herself little by little from society. In the beginning she is fully clothed but slowly trades the confining cloth for â€Å"simple muslin† dresses open at the throat, â€Å"light, commodious wrappers† and, finally, at the end, she stands naked upon the seashore. Rejected by Robert, who refuses to enter an affair with her, Edna enters the foaming waves to find liberation in suicide. Before the salty water closes over her, she spots a bird with a broken wing sinking into the surf. The bird symbolized Edna’s failure to achieve the goal that had driven her throughout the novel. Freedom in death is the only choice society will allow her to make. The inability to reconcile their desire for individual happiness to their need for social acceptance ultimately led Ethan and Edna to seek happiness through death, answering Edith Wharton and Kate Chopin’s question of whether people can disentangle themselves from the confining clutches of their environment. None can truly escape societal expectations. One is pressured to concede their individuality for conformity. Defiance leads to a life of ostracism and unhappiness.

Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Approaches Essay

Different teaching and learning approaches were used during the session according to the requirement of the activities. * For health and safety induction: Q&A, writing (Task sheet) and lecture methods (more information was given) were used. * Effectiveness of the teaching and learning approaches: Learners participate in this activity fully and effectively. They told me what they already know and what they don’t know yet. By this activity they got more information about fire exits, reception, lady toilets, coffee and the student support centre in the All Saints building of Worcester College where this session was held. No hazards were found in the class room. * Steps for further improvement: I believe that teaching profession always has chance of improvement and betterment. In 30mins microteaching session, health and safety concerns can be limited to hazards in class and fire exits. * For Ice breaking activity: Q&A (Discussion) and handouts (Writing) methods were used. * Effect iveness of the methods or approaches: Learners were stress free and happy to share the information about the breakfast they had in that morning. Learners also decided who had healthiest breakfast regarding highest calories and nutrition. * Steps that can be taken for further improvement: The question for ice breaking activity can make better in the sense that it can be more clearly related to the topic of the session. * The teaching and learning approaches for introduction, explanation and calculation of the area: PowerPoint, White board, handouts and Q&A (Discussion) methods were used. * Effectiveness of the approaches: For introduction of the topic, PowerPoint was used which was very effective because learners’ response was very positive about it. Learners found it very interesting, helpful to understand the topic and they learned more about its implications in ordinary life. * Steps for further improvement: One more video could play to explain more the topic in better way. Visual learning aids left their effects for long time. More PowerPoint clips can be used to make session more interesting and more informative. * The teaching and learning approaches for learn by practice: Learners were given work sheet to do the practice of what they learnt and to find the area where they have problems and what they have need to learn more? * Effectiveness of the approach: Learners took this activity seriously. They tried best to answers all the questions. One learner asked the questions where she found difficult to calculate the area. At the result of this activity, the learners’ confidence increased and they found their selves better in calculations of area. * Steps for further improvement: Some more questions can be added in work sheet for more practice to calculate the area of square, rectangle and triangle. More learning aids like boxes of square, rectangle and triangle shape can be used. * The teaching and learning approaches for review of the session: Q&A and task sheet (review handout forms) used to review the session. * Effectiveness of the approaches: To review the session by Q&A and by using task sheet was very positive to point out the areas of teaching and learning which can be made better, especially learning material can be made better. In 30mins session the teaching and learning process can be made more effective by making the learning material limited to â€Å"Calculation of the area of square and rectangle†. * Evaluation of the session in regard of individual learners’ need. In my session no learner had individual needs. So there was no need to make any special arrangements to hold the session. Word count: 605

Is Macbeth responsible for his own downfall Essay

Macbeth is completely and solely responsible for his own downfall. He lead himself to defeat by falling to his fatal flaws. Manipulation, ambition, and power got the better of him creating great inner turmoil, and bringing him to an abrupt end. From the beginning Macbeth was able to choose his own fate. The moment when he eagerly listened to the witches and said to them â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more† shows that he believed that what they are saying was of great importance to him. The tempting words of the witches prophecies ignited a spark of greedy ambition in him that he had not realised was there. This lead him to make his decision to follow their persuasive words so although they tempted him, it was his own ambition that drove him to commit the crimes. Macbeth’s ambitious nature is shown many times throughout the play. Once the king had made him Thane of Cawdor and the first â€Å"and great† hurdle had been overcome, the possibility of him having crown becomes fixed in his mind.when he hears Malcolm has been pronounced as the king heir Macbeth admits to himself that he has â€Å"Black and Deep Desires†. He finds himself battling with his conscience but when he says  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent but only vaulting ambition, which o’erleapes itself and falls on the other†Ã‚  it shows that he has no reasons to kill the king except to fulfill his own ambition. Macbeth’s overly ambitious quest for power motivates him to prematurely end the life of the current king. Not only does Macbeth quest for power end the life of King Duncan, but he continues to murder for no reason whatsoever apart from malice. the evil tyrant that Macbeth has become is proved when he plans alone to murder Lady Macduff and her children. At this stage of the play Macbeth has lost all human compassion and empathy so he thinks nothing of murdering innocents. Had he stopped at the first murder of king Duncan he may have got away with it but his manic behaviour turns everyone against him and can ultimately  only lead to his own demise. By the end of the play it is obvious that a valiant Macbeth no longer exists. He suffered greatly from his fatal flaws: being mainly manipulability, ambition and the sense of power. Macbeth’s life comes to an abrupt end, and no one grieves him. He died a tyrant and a murderer, all through his own fault.

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries Article

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries - Article Example This topic bears importance in that if wielded appropriately it may just be the ticket out of poverty lines for developing nations. Growth of the economy by seven or eight percent is achievable but only if there is investment of around 35 to 40 percent of the GDP. National savings undoubtedly fall short of this by a huge margin. Therefore, it is up to foreign borrowing and investments to meet this gap. Thus, it is imperative for the governments of developing nations to providing incentives to investors. This paper will focus on the foreign direct investments in developing countries and the impact it causes to both participating parties (Moran 75). The political and social changes of late 20th century and the recent technological advancements have brought about immense changes in the economic situation of the present world. The planned economies are failing and their retreat from the global economy. The development and the rising influence of free and open market economies and the ever stronger tendency towards a world economy. Predicts broad changes in various interacting phases (e.g. economical, political and social) of the global community in the future. The old restrictions and monopoly of the old world transformed into friendly smiles and gentle politics with policies of closed economies being dumped and nations embracing the open capitalist economies. This phenomenon has puzzled many. Everyone however seems to agree on a single point. There would be no foreign direct investment if the markets were perfectly competitive. Therefore, markets are to work efficiently and ensuring there is no barriers in the form of trade or c ompetition; then the phenomenon of FDI is much more likely. Many theories have tried explaining this phenomenon. These theories attempt to explain this phenomenon based on different assertions such as perfect and imperfect competition of markets. The currency based methods as well as those that

Biology Genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biology Genetics - Essay Example Ito ET. al. (1996) and Ryner et. al. (1996) shared that, sex differences in mating behavior and male sexual behavior among the Drosophila may be attributed to a single gene. Fru gene is created out of spliced transcripts from four distinct promoters. Lee et. al. (2000) added that, FruM is manifested in w2% of neurons in the Central Nervous System of male. These neurons are arranged into 21 distinct clusters in several regions of the ventral ganglia and brain, including some of the areas or regions implicated in male sexual behavior. Similarly, the complex behaviors of insects are related to the organization of their nervous system; the neural pathways from sensory to motor circuits must be properly explored to understand their behaviors; and focused also in the body electrophysiological nature (Lee, 2000). The male P1 transcripts according to Demir & Dickson (2005), encode male-specific proteins (FruM) which are both important and sufficient for male sexual behavior. The aforemention ed literatures and those which were cited under the discussions and implications are quite reliable which supported the study. This research postulated that there are several fruGAL4-expressing neurons which are interconnected in a circuit and are involved in male sexual behavior. This circuit can be named accordingly: Sensory, central, and motor components. Basically, the study is directed towards exploration o... It also intended to assess whether "fruGAL4 reproduces the endogenous pattern of fru P1 transcripts". To achieve these, the proponents conducted gene targeting for labeling and manipulation of neurons, whereby they particularly add the GAL4 exposed reading frame to the fru P1 transcripts. In other words, various GAL4-responsive UAS transgenes were utilized. In fact, they also have stained brains and anterior nerve cords from fruGAL4, UAS-nlacZ heterozygous males with anti- "-galactosidase (anti-"-gal) and anti- FruM antibodies. The membrane tethered GFP reporter (UAS-mCD8-GFP) was utilized to closely observe the actual projection patterns of fruGAL4 neurons among the males and to find out for the potential differences in these projections among the females. Aside from this, to find out whether fru GAL4 ORNs work in male courtship behavior, an FLP-in strategy analogous to that one being used for their anatomical characterization was employed.Single-pair courtship assays were also prep ared, in which males of these genotypes were joined to the wild-type virgin females. These assays were carried out in the dark in order to get rid of any visual cues that might affect or influence courtship, thereby increasing the male's reliance on chemosensory cues. Behavioral Assays, Immunohistochemistry and FLP-in-Silencing Constructs are all very powerful methods and fitted for the study. If we take a closer look on the assumptions and methods presented, the authors considered the classical as well as updated theories and principles for its variables. Thus, a very strong theoretical basis in the pursuit of the approaches or methods used has been established. Approaches utilized are congruent to the expected outcomes.

Management information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management information systems - Essay Example The external identities are outside the applications, but interact with it to facilitate the entire process. For example, Kitchen is a significant for the external identity in the design since it represents the source of food to be ordered. In order to make ideal the food ordering process, there must be customers who make orders. Customers are represented as external identities in the design (Oz 65). The restaurant has to be managed; therefore, the manager identity is also represented as an external identity. From the food ordering system, certain data elements are represented in data flows. Food order is the information represented in the data flow from the main system to the kitchen. From the customer identity, another data flow represents the customer’s order while the center of the process has to produce a receipt back to the customer. After the entire process, the management report is taken to the restaurant manager. This is represented in a data flow which contains the reports directed to the restaurant manager. The entire design is a simple representation of a food ordering system in a

Media Kit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media Kit - Essay Example We are surrounded by the best restaurants and recreation centres with specific touch on Brazilian art and culture. Our shopping guide speaks, talk and communicate in Brazilian culture and language, Portuguese. We offer unique Multilanguage platform for other cultures to understand the Brazilian life, in specific we have English version of the guide. We have a robust distribution center of our guide that target New Yorkers and New Jersey with aim of expanding to Brazil soon. Our guide is printed on high quality acid free paper and distributed free in the streets and via mail. The same guide in print is available as e-zine downloadable free at our site, www.descubranewyork.com. With over a million Brazilians living in the US, expect your brand to be communicated and reach the target audience. The Outlet Collection Jersey Gardens Shopper’s Guide is not exclusively on our products; other shops and restaurants will be advertising too. The magazine has details of various products including cars, apparel, alcohol, accessories and jewellery being sold in various outlets. We have a robust social media platform, we shall be running a paid ads on Twitter, Facebook, Google +, Pinterest and

Report for security mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report for security mangment - Essay Example This 40-year old company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 which dominated the local market of the United States, and began to trade stocks on the New York Stock Exchange. Along with the company’s growth in revenue is the growth of its expenses in information technology (IT). According to Wal-Mart IT executives, the company is adopting expensive technologies; that is why its investment in IT is considered to be their single largest capital expenses with approximately $500 million dollars over one five year period (Beard, 1996, p.78). The company demonstrated its preparedness to invest heavily on these technologies because it strongly believes that IT is a powerful tool in achieving efficiency goals and in creating economic value for stakeholders. In order for Wal-Mart to know how these technologies will support the business in obtaining implicit and explicit objectives, it must develop IT governance strategies (Schwalbe, 2009, p.136). To provide competitive advantage, these st rategies must be integrated and aligned with the company’s strategic and operational plans, this is to make the process more comprehensive (Papp, 2004, p.27). The main focus of this paper is to identify the IT services of Wal-Mart and whether these services are aligned to the needs of the business and the customers. In the process of assessing strategic alignment, this paper will be using the conceptual levels of strategic alignment maturity model developed by Dr. Luftman and some measures in order to improve the strategic business-IT alignment of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart IT Services: Aligned to the Needs of the Business and Needs of the Customers Linda Dillman, the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of Wal-Mart noted that, â€Å"We do not want to be known by our technology, but we do want to be known by what our technology has done for the business† (cited in Luftman, 2004, p.275). She also added that the business is performing favourably in terms of improved revenue and marke t share, cost and time reduction, customer satisfaction, and many more because of business-IT alignment maturity through metrics performance. â€Å"Wal-Mart was one of the first companies to introduce computers to track store sales and inventory and was the first to develop a computerized network to share this information with suppliers† (Fottler & Malvey, 2007, p.267). However, because IT changes daily and becomes outmoded, the company needs to continuously seek for upgraded technologies (Eisenberg et al., 2004, p.265). The information technology/system of Wal-Mart is classified as strategic and focused on how to meet customers’ needs wherein it relies on most current information to sustain the minimum cutting of cost in retail. In order for Wal-Mart to lower their costs, maximize return on capital, and streamline their operations, the company is using the operational excellence strategy. For several decades, IT is considered to be an essential part not just of Wal-Ma rt but to some large suppliers in the world particularly in dealing with customers. Recently, Wal-Mart is using the standard transaction formats and protocols called the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) capabilities in order to standardized operations in the sharing

Police Officer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police Officer - Research Paper Example (source: Criminal Justice USA Website) Beyond these basic qualities there is scope also for officers to develop their skills in extra areas so that they can take up highly specialized roles, for example with expertise in particular types of crime such as drugs, or immigration, or even specialist tactical operations like riot control and undercover work. Once a person is accepted into the criminal justice system, there is a huge potential for further career paths to open up. The Lynn Police Department website has information on commendations that officers have received for good work, and this gives an insight into what kind of circumstances they have to deal with, such as resuscitation of a person who has collapsed, or disarming a violent person, or just doing a good steady job in an office for many years. There are many sources of information and advice on the job of a police officer. Barry Baker’s book suggests that police officers will have to possess compassion and a sense of adventure, and that they are entrusted with great power. This means also that they must be under scrutiny all the time, and so they have to be able to maintain the highest standards. This is true not only in the hours of work itself, but also at home: â€Å"You must be prepared to conduct your personal life with the same degree of discretion as your professional life.† (Baker, p. 2). This makes the job of police officer sound extremely challenging and provides a solemn starting point for an interview with a serving police officer. The police officer who agreed to the interview is a patrol officer who works both in the office and in a patrol car. He started in law enforcement after working in the housing sector. It was interesting to note that he did not pass the police examination the first time. He persisted until finally he did pass and then he was interviewed and appointed. It is obvious that he spends a lot of his time out on the job, answering calls and dealing with i ncidents that happen day by day. He spends more time in the despatch office, however, and for this he needs to have good office skills and he has to think fast and deal with complicated scenarios. Perhaps this is why he recommends that a person who wants to become a police officer should study for a degree. These writing and thinking skills are going to be very important in a job like this. It was important to him also to learn from other officers. So much of the job requires experience. People behave in unpredictable and dangerous ways sometimes, and it is always useful to hear how more experienced officers have coped with things in the past. The office was very sure that the police academy was essential when it comes to tactical skills, but he thought experience and listening to experiences of others was just as important as the technical skills that are taught in the academy. When asked what was difficult about the job, the officer mentioned the way that people get out of control . He said that police officers are not able to lose control, and that they have to be fair at all times, and be aware that they are being watched. This was a big pressure for him, because he had to deal with others being out of control, while maintaining professionalism and control of

Conduct research on ship broking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conduct research on ship broking - Essay Example Ship broking happens through the shipbrokers who act as the mediators or the agents of the vessel owners and the clients (Schramm 2012, p.146). A competitive ship broking is an opportunity-based business where the brokers may swift and smart moves to accomplish their deals. The brokers have diverse understanding of latest market progress within their areas of operations and because of these skills they possess, they are highly valued by charters. There are different types of groups in ship broking depending on the kind of cargo involved. The persons who negotiate and organize the charter of a vessel on behalf the charterer and ship owner are the brokers who specialize in dry cargoes brokering, wet cargoes or tanker brokering (Lange 2011, p.41). The fundamental operation of the shipbrokers is to represent the ship-owner and find the jobs for the ships according to the principals of the vessel owner. In case the shipbrokers represent a cargo interest, the brokers’ role is to find suitable ships for the cargo in accordance with the charterer principals. The broker must have a vast knowledge of vessels and cargoes, information about ports, methods of loading and release of various cargoes, weather patterns, demand, and supply of ships. With the advancement in communications technology and sophisticated computing techniques shipbrokers, networks have intensified the brokering business (Talley 2012, p. 305). With the modern digital communication evolution communication with brokers have become accessible from any part of the globe be it on land, sea, or air. The exchange of information has emerged reliable and affordable. The large amount of data traverses across the world very fast including the details of fixtures because of advanced communication technology (Carter 2014, p.188). The concluded information about profits, and the market reports, government policies, economic

Pressure Sores Essay Example for Free

Pressure Sores Essay The basic philosophy of palliative care is to achieve the best quality of life for patients even when their illness cannot be cured. Palliative care is provided through comprehensive management of the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs of patients, while remaining sensitive to their personal, cultural, and religious values and beliefs. Hospital palliative care services are often provided through an interdisciplinary team of health care professionals including, but not limited to: Doctors, Nurses, Healthcare Assistants, Psychologists, Social Workers, and Priests. FATIGUE Fatigue is a common, distressing and debilitating symptom experienced by people with cancer. In those receiving palliative care it is probably the most frequently reported symptom and is experienced by more than 90 per cent of these patient. However, it represents the most commonly unrelieved cancer symptom. Cancer related fatigue can have a number of factors that can be difficult to establish, however despite these problems advancing research will help to promote the problem as a palliative care symptom that can be assessed and managed. In patients with advanced cancer, the prevalence rates of various symptoms are approximately as follows Pain 89% Fatigue 69% Weakness 66% Anorexia 66% Lack of energy 61% Nausea 60% Dry mouth 57% Constipation 52% Dyspnoea 50% Vomiting 30%. (Donnelly 1995) Defining Cancer-Related Fatigue Cancer-related fatigue is a complex phenomenon with physical, cognitive and affective methods of expression. A clear understanding of what it means is essential before it can be assessed and managed, or healthcare Assistants are able to discuss it with patients and colleagues. After exploring fatigue from the perspective of patients, Ream (1996) derived the following definition: a subjective, unpleasant symptom which incorporates feelings ranging from tiredness to exhaustion, creating an unrelenting overall condition which interferes with individual’s ability to function to their normal Causes and effects. The causes of cancer-related fatigue is still unknown, and lack of success in treating it at the end of life stage is in part due to this lack of knowledge. Quality of life is related to symptoms, functioning, and psychological and social well-being, while during end-of-life care, spirituality is a major issue, patients become too tired to participate fully in their roles an d activities that make life meaningful, fatigue therefore significantly affects their quality of life. Patients/Family Perceptions One of the barriers to treating fatigue at the end of life may be patients, families and Doctors perception of it as an unavoidable, untreatable symptom (Johnson, 2004).Many people experience fatigue, but studies have shown that fatigue experienced by patients with cancer is more rapid in onset, more energy-draining, more intense, longer-lasting, more severe and more unrelenting when compared with typical fatigue. Advance care planning and establishing goals of care are essential because they enhance the control patients have over their care and assure autonomy if the patient is unable to communicate their wishes or make decisions at later stages of illness. Patients want a voice in their healthcare, they want to know what to expect and how to plan for their treatment and their future. Establishing goals early on for current and future healthcare helps to avoid future unnecessary harm and inappropriate prolongation of dying. It is well recognized that interventions focused on curing dying patients result in increased suffering, with little or no benefit for the patient. This suffering may even extend beyond the patient. Nurses also struggle ethically and emotionally when care for dying patients is focused on technology rather than on comfort and quality of life. In addition, twenty-per cent of patients relatives develop a physical illness in response to the stress of coping with their loved on es poor health. Treating Underlying Causes Before a patients fatigue is simply attributed to the cancer it is important to identify and treat easily reversible underlying physiological and psychological causes of fatigue. For example, this may involve reducing non-essential medications, treating infections, correcting hypercalcaemia and electrolyte disorders or treating pain, depression, sleep disorders or anaemia .A link between fatigue, sleep and anxiety can be readily identified, and the approach to management is a general one. In palliative care, efforts are directed at alleviating symptoms, as well as toward preventing or treating the underlying cause when that is possible interventions should begin with the promotion of sensitive communication, giving patients the opportunity to discuss their fatigue in the context of living with a terminal illness and its impact on their lives , found that enabling patients to talk about their fatigue both facilitated professional assessment and helped them to explore the meaning of th e cancer and fatigue experience for themselves, and for their family and friends. This can help patients regain a sense of control and freedom to focus on other important aspects of their lives, so restoring their self-esteem .Patient and family education can be of great value in understanding cancer-related fatigue. Family members may interpret fatigue as a sign that the patient is giving up, when it is actually beyond her or his control. Complementary medicine embodies the principles of palliative care by helping to ease the physical, psychosocial, and spiritual effects of illness. It aims to control symptoms and to enhance quality of life for patients and their families. Relaxation, visualisation, massage and aromatherapy are currently being evaluated as part of a global intervention known as Beating Fatigue. There is already evidence of the beneficial effect of massage and aromatherapy on depression and other symptoms including fatigue. CONCLUSIONS/EVALUATIONS Whilst undertaking this assignment certain words keep coming to mind. Words like empathy, caring, stress, burnout, teamwork many more but I have learned to respect all patients, promote dignity, to be a better team player be confident in my abilities, but mostly I have realised that to further a career in any area of palliative care will require more training, more understanding of different patients conditions and there requirements on a daily basis and to be more conscience of the responsibilities of healthcare assistants when caring for all patients. As said previously I will seek further training in this area not only to be of greater benefit to the patients but also to seek training in some form of grief counselling to be of greater assistance to relatives and friends of patients, to empathise more and to just be able to listen when needed. Despite the high prevalence of cancer-related fatigue among patients in palliative care, its treatment is less successful than treatment for other symptoms at the end of life. The causes of fatigue in patients with advanced cancer are often unclear, multiple factors may be responsible and little is known about its causes. The specific goals of palliative care are to improve the quality of the last stages of patient’s lives, control symptoms, and provide support to family members and to pay attention to patient’s perceptions of purpose and meaning of life. The experience of cancer-related fatigue has a major impact on patient’s motivation as it means they are unable to undertake physical activities and that they lose interest in activities and life in general. Although it is difficult to conduct research on patients who are highly distressed, have severe symptoms or who are dying, there is the potential for such research to have a therapeutic benefit for those taking part. Providing patients with cancer an opportunity to discuss their feelings associated with symptoms such as fatigue provides information necessary to develop professional understanding and can also help patients to make sense or come to terms with their condition. Future research should focus on determining effective solutions including alternative and complementary therapies rather than on reassessing need. More focused fatigue assessment tools and targeted fatigue interventions for patients at the end of life are required, as is training in fatigue management so that healthcare assistants are more knowledgeable and skilled in assessing and managing fatigue. By understanding the physical, psychosocial and emotional needs of an individuals experience of advanced cancer, palliative care research demonstrates that health professionals can help patients to adapt to living with cancer-related fatigue. Such intervention can empower patients to maintain control over decisions relating to their care and can assist them to understand and find meaning in their fatigue. REFERENCES Donnelly S, Walsh D.(1995) The symptoms of advanced cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22(2 suppl 3):67–72. Johnson, C. (1992). Coping with compassion fatigue. Nursing, 22(4), 116, 118-120. Ream E. (2007) Fatigue in patients Nursing Stand.2007: 21(28)49-56

Living in Families Essay Example for Free

Living in Families Essay How does the average person view the common family? In the picture of â€Å"a happy family† on commercials, conflict and hatred are replaced with sweetness and adoration – qualities that are apparent on the family members’ smiling faces. Pure happy days are simply not realistic. In real life, families have good reason to frown occasionally, which leads to a statement by the author Willa Cather about a family relationship. She comments that the seed of the family conflict is from the clash of each members’ individual personality, or identity. As one builds own identity, there is no choice but to struggle for appealing his or her ego to other family members; even though they are a family who is supposed to understand and concede to one another, ideally speaking. Cather also says that family members pursue the sense of security from mutual existence, and they want to eschew from the restraint and infringe on individual privacy at the same time.      Ã‚  Three works of literature which support Willa Cather’s idea about family relationships are: â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† by Tillie Olsen, â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan, and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin. Through the eyes of these characters, we can see how the development of identity causes conflicts between family members. Ironically, they continue to pull away from each other even though they need each other. We should explore how the characters get over the â€Å"tragic necessity† (Cather 107-120).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the main conflict in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† doesn’t seem to appear on the surface the author shows that the conflict occurs inside narrator’s mind. When the narrator has Emily, her daughter, she â€Å"is nineteen and it is the pre-relief, pre-WPA world of the depression† (341).   Living in the new era as a nineteen-year-old single mother, she has to confront her new identity. In other words, there is a struggle between two identities inside her, as an individual who tries to survive in tough circumstance and as a mother who tries to love her daughter. As she confesses that she â€Å"was a distracted mother† (345), her unstable identity does not allow her to take superior care of Emily. This is the situation which Cather referred to as a â€Å"double life† (107-120). The narrator has suffered from â€Å"the real life that stamps the faces and gives character to the voices of our friends† (Cather 107-120).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In laborious circumstances, her only family, Emily, is the reason why she is still alive, but also the burden from which she wants to escape. This is shown in â€Å"what was in my face when I looked at her,† the scene in which she realizes her frown face at her daughter saying â€Å"there were all the acts of love† (341). Because of her desperate fate, the narrator unconsciously tries â€Å"pulling away from† her daughter even though she â€Å"seeks† to feel (Cather 107-120) maternal affection for Emily. This irony is represented by Cather’s idea of â€Å"the tragic necessity of human life† (107-120).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the story, the narrator shows her will to finish the conflict she has endured. According to Emily who never believed herself to be special, finds her identity and path, which concludes with her mother lightening the pressure about being a role of breeder by â€Å"letting her be† (345).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contrary to â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing,† the main conflict between family members in â€Å"Two Kinds† is revealed clearly; it is about the relationship between a mother and daughter. The peculiarity of this story is that the basis of the conflict is a clash of two different cultures, which can be interpreted as a clash of two identities; the Chinese mother who wants â€Å"obedient daughter† and the Americanized daughter, named Mei, who wants to â€Å"follow her own heart† (353). Her mother’s wishful thinking is clear on this quote; â€Å"you can be anything you want to be† (346), which means actually â€Å"you can be anything I want you to be.† This attitude is very different from the mother’s attitude in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing.† On contrary to â€Å"letting her be† (345), Mei’s mother keeps pushing her daughter to do what she wants, not what her daughter wants – this is Mei’s mother’s personality. Mei’s response is:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I won’t be what I’m not† (348). As a result, the conflict in this story is caused by the clash of individual identities, as Cather describes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the trouble reaches a peak at their quarrel following the piano recital. In this scene, Mei pretends to â€Å"pull away† (Cather 107-120) from her mother by saying â€Å"the magic words† (353). What Mei says was not from the bottom of her heart: it could be seen when Mei gets the piano as â€Å"a sign of forgiveness† (353), she â€Å"feels proud, as if it were a shiny trophy† (354). In other words, she cannot deny that she misses her family even though she wants to get away from them. After all, the daughter seeks to get out of the â€Å"tragic necessity† (Cather 107-120) by realizing that the two piano pieces â€Å"pleading child† and â€Å"perfectly contented† (354) is one song, which means that the pleading child has become perfectly contented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compared to the other two works above, the conflict in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† occurs between a sibling relationship, not between parent and child relationship as in the preceding examples. The origin of the conflict is the same; the clash of identities. At the beginning of the story, the fact that the narrator, Sonny’s brother, gets Sonny’s news from the newspaper shows that the relationship between two brothers is not secure; their relationship as a family has already been â€Å"pulled away† (Cather 107-120). The reason why they have been separated from each other for a long time was the lack of comprehension of the other’s individual personality. To overcome â€Å"the darkness outside† (384), which describes the discrimination in that era, both brother have to develop their identities which helps them as they endure hardships. Unfortunately, the identities they developed are very different; the narrator is practical and conservative, and Sonny is emotional and unconventional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The clash of the identities has divided the brothers and causes Sonny to pursue â€Å"escaping, running away, and trying to break the net† (Cather 107-120) which leads to his addiction to heroin. In fact, Sonny â€Å"had always been a good boy† (377) as a member of the family. In his subconscious, he had â€Å"another secret, passionate and intense† (Cather 107-120). Though the narrator tries to care for Sonny in order to fulfill the promise made to his mother, He cannot understand Sonny’s â€Å"another† (Cather 107-120) aspect. This conflict is the reason why they keep pulling away each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, at the end of story, they get back together with perfect comprehension. Listening to Sonny’s play, the narrator â€Å"understands, at last† (398), his brother’s identity and why they were pulling away from each other; he realizes that the root of the conflict the brothers had was not because of Sonny’s rebellion but of his own misunderstanding of the suffering Sonny has endured. The brothers prepare to overcome the â€Å"tragic necessity,† which initially separated them, with â€Å"a Scotch and milk† (399) in the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, through the analysis of the three works of literature, Willa Cather’s idea of â€Å"the double life† and â€Å"tragic necessity of human relationship† (107-120) can be seen as a universal theme in various stories. The development of identity causes the conflicts between family members, and the irony is that they continue to pull away from each other even though they need each. In Cather’s view, family members have a chance to overcome the conflicts they have had, as demonstrated by the narrator of â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing,† Mei from â€Å"Two Kinds,† and Sonny’s brother from â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Each character gets the better of his or her own conflicts to a certain extent. As they should; families are supposed to stick together. References Cather, Willa.   Katherine Mansfield.   Willa Cather on Writing. Lincoln, NE:   University of Nebraska Press, 1988.   107-120. Schilb, John, and Clifford, John. Making Literature Matter. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006

MRI for Diagnosis of Mycetoma or Madura Foot

MRI for Diagnosis of Mycetoma or Madura Foot â€Å"Dot in Circle† sign — a unique attribute of mycetoma foot on MRI: a report of two cases Aggarwal A, Gupta M, Patel B N, Patel S B Abstract Mycetoma or Madura Foot is a chronic localized granulomatous disease characterized by exuberant granulomatous tissue formation involving the subcutaneous plane. It is most common in tropical countries. Diagnosis has been traditionally done by microbiological culture and histopathological tissue diagnosis but these are often difficult to obtain and frequently inconclusive. MRI has recently emerged as a promising technique for early and prompt diagnosis of Mycetoma with the description of a highly specific sign called as â€Å"Dot in Circle† sign. We hereby present 2 cases showing this characteristic â€Å"Dot in circle† sign on MRI and thereby establishing the diagnosis of Madura Foot. Patient 1 A 52-year-old male farmer by occupation presented with a painless swelling involving the left foot, which had been operated on elsewhere two times. Previous reports of surgery were not available. Examination revealed a non tender, large swelling involving whole of the left foot and the ankle joint. It was associated with numerous chronic discharging sinuses. (Fig 1) General examination was unremarkable and the soft tissue was normal. Rotuine blood and biochemical investigations were also unremarkable. Plain radiograph revealed a soft tissue mass in the left foot with advanced bony destruction mainly involving the tarsal, metatarsals and phalanges without any calcification. MRI scan was performed to evaluate the disease further. MRI showed a soft tissue mass lesion, diffuse hyperintensity involving subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and intermuscular fascial planes. There were also multiple focal fluid collections seen in the fascial plane with ulceration of overlying skin. The mass demons trated characteristically conglomerate areas of multiple, inconspicuous, small 3–4 mm oval to round hyperintense lesions, which were separated by a low-signal-intensity rim in the subcutaneous plane of the dorsum of the foot. The centre of few of these lesions showed a small hypointense focus, resulting in the dot-in-circle sign (Figs. 2, 3). The underlying bones showed cortical erosions mainly involving the tarsal, metatarsals and phalanges. On the basis of the above clinical and radiological findings, a diagnosis of mycetoma foot was put forward. A biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis which revealed granulomatous inflammation and presence of eumycetoma (Fig. 4). Patient 2 A 37 year old male, complained of mass in the left foot for the past 2 years. Examination revealed multiple numerous discharging sinuses with skin ulcerations. The discharging sinuses did not contain any grains which is usually pathognomonic of Madura mycosis. Plain frontal radiograph of the left foot shows soft tissue mass with severe destruction of the bone along with a palisade type of periosteal reaction mainly involving the tarsals and metatarsals (Figs. 5). The patient underwent MRI for evaluation and extent of the disease. Similarly, the lesion showed marked inflammatory changes in the left foot with cortical erosion, with micro-abscesses formation. The characteristic dot in circle sign (Figs. 6) was described and diagnosis of mycetoma foot was made. The patient underwent an excision biopsy. Histopathology showed eumycetoma. Images Figure 2. T2-weighted axial MR cut sections  of the left foot shows extensive inflammatory  changes. Multiple hyperintense lesions which were small and round in shape and separated by tissue of low signal intensity  are noted. Some of these lesions (arrows) show a  central small focus of hypointensity, resulting in the characteristic  dot-in-circle sign. Figure 3 T2-weighted fat-saturated coronal MR image of  the left foot shows multiple microabscesses separated by  a low-intensity matrix seen posteriolaterally. Marked inflammatory changes with multiple fluid collections are noted in the fascial plane. Figure 4 Haematoxylin and Eosin( HE) : Fungal organisms  surrounded by granulation tissue. Figure 6 T2-weighted axial MR image  of the left foot shows extensive inflammatory  changes with cortical erosion. Multiple small spherical  hyper-intense lesions separated by tissue of low signal intensity  are noted. Some of these lesions show a  small foci of hypointensity centrally, resulting in the  dot-in-circle sign. Note the presence of multiple  microabscess. Discussion Madurai Mycosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by 2 group of organisms, the Eumyces which are also called as true fungi or eumycetoma, and the Actinomyces, which are the filamentous form also called as Actinomycetales or actinomycetoma. The disease was first described in the Madurai district in the state of Tamil Nadu, hence the eponym Madura foot. The infective organisms are normal inhabitants of the soil and cause infection by direct implantation into the skin, most commonly the foot in individuals walking bare foot. Patients classically present with multiple subcutaneous nodules which are characteristically painless. These may give rise to fistulae formation, often associated with a purulent discharge. The disease progresses slowly and over long term leads to abscess formation, sinus tracts, osteomyelitis, and fistula formation ultimately resulting in severe deformity and disability if treatment is not provided [4] . Histologically the disease is characterized by formation of so called ‘‘grains’’, which are found embedded in the abscesses. These grains are nothing but aggregates of the organism and are surrounded by extensive granulation tissue. Initially there is soft tissue swelling with induration which later progresses to form multiple discharging sinus with or without bone involvement. [5] Radiological investigations play a significant role in arriving at the diagnosis swiftly especially since tissue cultures are seldom diagnostic. Radiographs may be normal early in the disease process but later show varying degree of soft tissue swelling with destruction of the bone in form of sclerosis, cavity formation and classical palisade type of periosteal reaction. This is followed by expansion of the bone with scalloping of the cortex or osteoporosis. This condition mimics bacterial osteomyelitis but in mycetoma the bones are usually detsroyed from the outside, giving rise to characteristic â€Å"Moth eaten appearance†. [2] The â€Å"Dot in circle† sign has emerged has a highly specific sign for the diagnosis of this condition and is based on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease process. It reflects the unique pathological feature of mycetoma and consists of multiple small round hyperintense lesions of size measuring around 3-5 mm surrounded by a hypointense rim. The small hyperintense lesions represent the granulation tissue and the surrounding hypointense rim represents the intervening stroma having fibrous septations. The low-signal intensity dot in the centre is due to the presence of fungal grains which causes a susceptibility effect on MRI. This is a unique appearance and is easily recognisable in mycetoma. [1] This sign was proposed by Sarris et al. in 2003 on T2-weighted, STIR, and T1-weighted fat-saturated gadolinium enhanced images. Conclusion We conclude by saying that mycetoma is a severe debilitating disease with high morbidity. Until now the diagnosis of the disease was limited to clinical picture supplemented by biopsy and microbiological culture which were difficult to obtain and proved to be inconclusive in many cases. MRI has emerged as an excellent investigation in mycetoma and helps to arrive at the diagnosis much earlier in the course of disease thereby further helping in reducing the morbidity and rate of complications. Awareness of this characteristic sign is important in view of the scarcity of reports that describe it in the literature and with increasing use of MRI in the evaluation of soft tissue tumours. [3] Ref: S, Betty M, Manipadam MT, Cherian VM, Poonnoose PM, Oommen AT, et al. The â€Å"dot-in-circle† sign A characteristic MRI finding in mycetoma foot: A report of three cases.Br J Radiol.2009;82:662–5. Mycetoma revisited. Incidence of various radiographic signs. Abd El-Bagi ME, Fahal AH Saudi Med J. 2009 Apr; 30(4):529-33. Kumar J, Kumar A, Sethy P, Gupta S. The dot-in-circle sign of mycetoma on MRI.Diagn Interv Radiol.2007;13:193–5. Lewall DB, Ofole S, Bendl B. Mycetoma. Skeletal Radiol 1985; 14:257–262. Magana M. Mycetoma, some clinical and histopathological features.Turk J Dermatopathol.1994;3:94.

Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay -- essays research papers

The composer of some of the most influential pieces of music ever written, Ludwig van Beethoven created a bridge between the 18th-century classical period and the new beginnings of Romanticism. His greatest breakthroughs in composition came in his instrumental work, including his symphonies. Unlike his predecessor Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, for whom writing music seemed to come easily, Beethoven always struggled to perfect his work. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, and was baptized on Dec. 17, 1770. (There is no record of his birth date.) His father and grandfather worked as court musicians in Bonn. Ludwig's father, a singer, gave him his early musical training. Although he had only meager academic schooling, he studied piano, violin, and French horn, and before he was 12 years old he became a court organist. Ludwig's first important teacher of composition was Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 he studied briefly with Mozart, and five years later he left Bonn permanently and went to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn and later with Antonio Salieri. Beethoven's first public appearance in Vienna was on March 29, 1795, as a soloist in one of his piano concerti. Even before he left Bonn, he had developed a reputation for fine improvisatory performances. In Vienna young Beethoven soon had a long list of aristocratic patrons who loved music and were eager to help him. Onset of Deafness In the l...

How Chaucer Combines Realism and Convention through the Franklin :: essays research papers

How does Chaucer combine realism and convention through the character and words of the Franklin? The Franklin character is portrayed as a convention primarily by being a Franklin a nameless type. Chaucer’s audience is aware of the typical attributes of a Franklin so it is then up to Chaucer to further the character by incorporating realism through aspects of his personality. Therefore giving the reader a connection with the character and make them appreciate him more as a person. In the prologue of the Franklin’s tale Chaucer makes his Franklin and individual, by showing his insecurity as a citizen in the shadow of the aristocracy, shown in his disdainful treatment and interruption of the squire. â€Å"’In faith, Squier, thow hast thee wel yquit And gentilly. I preise wel thy wit,’ Quod the Frankeleyn, ‘considerin thy yowthe’† His patronising attitude reveals his insecurity portraying him as a realistic character but also adding to the conventional Franklin image. A Franklin being a ‘freeman’ he was rich and would have held a good position owning his own land, but he would never be at the same level as the noble classes and there would have been the obvious social climb and striving for further power Chaucer’s audience would have probably observed amongst Franklin’s. We see how the Franklin is striving for a better position for his own family incorporating the convention of the social climb and the realism of his family life. â€Å"I have a sone, and by the Trinitee, I had levere than twenty pound worth lond Though it right now were fallen in myn hond, He were a man of swich discrecioun As that ye been.† Through other more specific attributes of the Franklin realism is conveyed such as the outstanding generosity and hospitality of the man and his wide learning and travelling. Chaucer further combines realism and convention in the tale the Franklin tells. At first it appears a very conventional unoriginal tale of courtly love, stolen from a Breton Lay, such was the style at the time to give your own twist on an existing story rather than make your own. It is full of stereotypical images you’d expect from a courtly love story. With the setting of a lady and a knight in the garden and then the characters themselves starting off as being solely types of the knight, lady and squire and how these characters all stay within their roles. The knight leaves the lady to go on a quest.

Stress, The Double-Edged Sword Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Stress, The Double-Edged Sword Stress, it is a part of our life that we can't not avoid or escape. There probably isn't anyone in the world today that hasn't dealt with it. It dwells in the work place, at school, in the home and most importantly, in you. So what is stress? And why do we have something that does us so much harm? Simply put, stress is an adaptive response, your body's response to an emotionally disturbing, disquieting or threatening event (1). Often times, it is the tension caused when demands from work, family and oneself can't not be met. Not to say stress is a recent disorder among humans, in fact, all organisms experience it. Stress is a part of the 'fight or flight' response, usually the result of threatening or worrisome event. The body increases the heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate, preparing in the event of actually needing to fight or retreat (1). For most animals, stress tends to come from acting out of self-preservation. The fleeing rabbit experiences stress as it bolts for the safety of its hole. In fact, without it, the rabbit might not survive. The surge of energy from the stress of spotting an attacking predatory might be the difference between safety and death. Early humans probably experienced stress in similar fashions. The attacking lion is a stressor enough to make the fleeing caveman run a bit faster, or fight back with more force. But unlike animals, humans experience stress another fashion, it is the stress that comes with thinking, whether it's about the future or the present. The caveman might have been stressed when the angry bear came charging up but he might also hav e stressed over an unsuccessful hunt and the prospect of having no food for several days. The s... ....coolware.com/health/medical_reporter/stress.html 2) Stress Free Net, http://www.stressfree.com/stress.html 3) Endocrinology and Stress-Related Disease , http://www.endo-society.org/pubaffai/factshee/stressrd.htm 4) How to Survive Unbearable Stress, Information on stress in easy to understand terms http://www.teachhealth.com/#stressscale 5) ABC News.com , Report on how stress may add to aging http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/living/DailyNews/stress_aging990920.html 6) Development of the Cerebral Cortex: Stress and Brain , http://info.med.yale.edu/chldstdy/plomdevelop/development/January99.html 7) Doctor's Guide: Global Edition , http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/67e66.htm 8) Psycheducation.org, http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/67e66.htm 9) Getting There: Dealing with Stress , http://www.campuslife.utoronto.ca/handbook/06005-Stress.html

Little Enough Or Too Much Essay Essay

The case â€Å"Little Enough or Too Much† describes a company which produces a new industrial lubricant by the name of Chemical X. With approval from the government, the company dumps all excess chemical waste into a nearby river, commonly used by other producers, and in the production process chooses eliminate an addition step which would have led to reduced dumping of chemical waste. This is done in order to ensure cost efficiencies and competitiveness, however, a worker by the name of Bryan believes action should be taken in order to protect the environment and live up to the company’s promise of environmental consciousness, with the potential pollution and harm posed by this current process. Having already expressed his concerns to plant supervisor Bill Gates, it is clear that altering the current plan is not of any concern to the company (Heist, 1992). This case brings light to a very important moral issue: Does Bryan have any obligation or responsibility for takin g action and informing others in order to ensure that this issue is resolved? Seeing as the company currently perceives no reason to make adjustments to the production process, with their investment currently thriving, this puts Bryan in a very difficult position. However, there are possible solutions. Bryan could try and gather enough data from the engineers and chemists involved in the production process which would provide evidence to Bryan’s concerns and reproach Bill Gates with his findings. Alternatively, he could approach individuals outside of the organization, such as the government, to see that action is taken to solve the problem (â€Å"Little Enough or†, 1992). Based on the ethical theory of virtue ethics, which emphasizes decisions to be made based upon one’s own moral character, Bryan does indeed have an obligation to inform others of the necessity of this issue to be resolved and therefor, should take action. Virtue ethics teaches us that individuals should make decisions based on their own character and personal beliefs, â€Å"rather than relying on external laws and customs of [a] person’s culture† (Gowdy, 2013). It is made clear that Bryan is extremely uncomfortable with the decisions being made by the company and does not believe they are right. With the government’s authorisation for additional waste discarding and the evident approval among supervisors and co-workers, benefiting from the increase in profits through the firm’s profit-sharing program, Bryan’s current business culture seems to contradict his inner beliefs. However, according to virtue ethics, these  factors should not influence his final decision and therefor it would be logical for him to pursue this issue. Similarly, this theory places great emphasis on directing an individual’s attention away from popular belief and focusing on one’s own opinion and thoughts (Gowdy, 2013). Bryan should then not let his own judgement be clouded, merely because others do not view the situation from his perspective, and listen to his instincts which appear to be telling him that the company is making a huge mistake. Referring back to Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle, it is said that individuals should ultimately make decisions which rein force key virtues such as courage, justice and honesty, and that through consistent application, individuals are able to acquire good habits of character. Ultimately, this will cause them to be able to better regulate their emotions and make morally correct decisions when faced with difficulties (Cline, n.d.). Based on this, in order to ensure that Bryan continues to make moral decisions throughout the rest of his life and is able to truly live virtuously, he should make an attempt to have the additional step implemented into the production process, thus reducing the amount of pollution. This is because such a decision would display the characteristic of courage on Bryan’s behalf, given that he is being faced with peers only interested in the current benefits being presented to them: money and short-term organizational success. These motives of greed would then fall under the category of bad habits, or â€Å"vices†, which Bryan should avoid in order to make moral decisions (Cline, n.d.). While Bryan is able to see the benefits of this product, as perceived by his peers, he cannot ignore the fact that excess pollution will most likely cause more problems for the company in the future. With the river being located so closely to the factory, if evidence does prove that excess chemical waste will have extremely harmful health effects, this not only puts the local environment and wildlife in danger, but also the lives of the factory’s workers if the landfill continues to grow. Therefore, attempting to minimize these effects would satisfy the virtue of justice. Other ethical theories such as Utilitarianism may argue that since the current production process is causing an increase in profits, quite substantial when compared to the past few mediocre quarters, choosing to leave the current process as it is will benefit the greatest number of people (â€Å"Utilitarianism†, 2007). However, as Bryan identifies, this is merely a short term projection of  benefits. The company has not taken into consideration the costs of implementing this additional step, as well as the potential harm from pollution in their analysis. Not to mention the fact that the company is technically lying to the public. While the company publicly states that all actions are taken in order to minimize harmful environmental effects, Chemical X proves this statement to be false. If some consumer’s purchased this product because they believed they were doing good for the environ ment, as apparently advertised, they would be deceived entirely. Essentially, it is as if the consumers are being â€Å"greenwashed† by being fed false information in for hopes of organizational benefits, although no extensive marketing campaign has been executed (Furlow, 2010).While the company believes that slowing down production in order to implement this additional step will only draw attention to themselves and cause suspicion from environmental groups, would it not be worse if they were to discover this dishonesty down the road, only after the lie had snowballed over many years? At least if they were to correct this mistake now, they would be able to sustain this image of ecological concern by actively solving problems and admitting to their own errors in judgement. In order to satisfy the issues presented in this case, the ethical solution would be for Bryan to reproach Bill Gates and convince him that the additional phase in production must be implemented. This would be achieved by contacting the engineers and chemists involved in the production of Chemical X in order to derive concrete evidence that the current plan will be harmful and support Bryan’s claim (â€Å"Little Enough or†, 1992). Considering the amount of safety precautions taken and training requirement on behalf of employees within chemical factories, there surely must be some sort of evidence to prove the damaging effects of their current process in order to draw attention to change. If it was then agreed upon to proceed with this plan, it would help to minimize the harmful effects on the environment and factory in general. In addition to Bryan being able to make a moral decision which will help him maintain a virtuous character in future difficulties, this would potentially have a positive effect on the character of other employees. Previously, the company was being dishonest to the public regarding their ecological motives which over time could have reinforced the concept that dishonesty in the workplace is acceptable and feed into greed, both vices for which no employer should  encourage. By living up to the company’s initial claim, this would potentially help reverse these effects. In conclusion, Bryan should follow his own beliefs and personal character and take action towards having the company implement an additional step in the production process of Chemical X. Thus, enabling him to make proper moral decisions in the future, sustain key virtues and minimize potential harmful effects on the environment and health of factory workers. Despite being a new employee and the idea that Bryan should avoid being a â€Å"troublemaker†, it cannot be simply denied that there is some form of injustice in this case and simply ignoring such injustice would stain one’s own moral character. References Cline, A. (n.d.). Virtue Ethics: Morality and Character. Retrieved November 28, 2014, from http://atheism.about.com/od/ethicalsystems/a/virtueethics.htm Furlow, N. (2010). Greenwashing in the New Millennium. The Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 10(6), 22-25. Retrieved November 28, 2014, from ABI/INFORM Global. Gowdy, L. (2013, October 15). Virtue Ethics. Retrieved November 28, 2014, from http://www.ethicsmorals.com/ethicsvirtue.html Heist, E. (1992, January 1). Little Enough or Too Much. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from https://learn.humber.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-1288113-dt-content-rid-6008416_1/courses/5773.201470/227_case1.pdf Little Enough or Too Much Teaching Notes. (1992). Retrieved November 28, 2014, from http://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ethics/AA/mgmt04-notes.pdf Utilitarianism. (2007). In Political philosophy A-Z. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.rap.ocls.ca/content/entry/edinburghppaz/utilitarianism/0

Color blindness affects

Color blindness affects a significant number of people, although exact proportions vary among groups. In Australia, for example, it occurs in about 8 percent of males and only about 0. 4 percent of females. Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness, including the less usual types. Examples include rural Finland, Hungary, and some of the Scottish islands.In the United States, about 7 percent of the male population†or about 10. 5 million men †and 0. 4 percent of the female population either cannot distinguish red from green, r see red and green differently from how others do (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2006). More than 95 percent of all variations in human color vision involve the red and green receptors in male eyes. It is very rare for males or females to be â€Å"blind† to the blue end of the spectrum. About 8 percent of males, but only 0. percent of females, are color blind in some way or another, whether it is one color, a color combination, or another mutation DESTRUCTION 2004 TSUNAMI CAUSED IN INDIA Tamil Nadu The state of Tamil Nadu has been the worst affected on the mainland, with a death toll of 7,793. Nagapattinam district has had 5,525 casualties, with entire villages having been destroyed. Kanyakumari district has had 808 deaths, Cuddalore district 599, the state capital Chennai 206 and Kancheepuram district 124.The death tolls in other districts were Pudukkottai (1 5), Ramanathapuram (6), Tirunelveli (4), Thoothukudi (3), Tiruvallur (28), ThanJavur (22), Tiruvarur (10) and Viluppuram (47). Those killed in Kanyakumari include pilgrims taking a holy dip in the sea. Of about 700 people trapped at the Vivekananda Rock Memorial off Kanyakumari, 650 were rescued. In Chennai, people playing on the Marina beach and those who taking a Sunday morning stroll were washed away, in addition to the fisher folk who lived along the shore and those out at sea.The death toll at Velan kanni in Nagapattinam district is currently 1,500. Most of these people were visiting the Basilica of the Virgin Mary for Christmas, while others were residents of the town. The nuclear power station at Kalpakkam was shut down after sea water rushed into a pump station. No radiation leak or damage to the reactor was reported Pondicherry An estimated 30,000 people are homeless in the Union territory of Pondicherry. The current official toll is 560. The affected districts are Pondicherry (107 dead), Kariakal (453 dead).Kariakal is the most devastated area from the Pondicherry Union territory. Where massive destruction and loss of causalities accure. This mishap occur because of uncover stone block. Mostly fisher folk are affected due to location and distance between sea and their basti (village). Fishing peoples are Just preparing for venturing into sea and within fraction of seconds everything wash away and their boats are damaged they lost everything in terms of life and property. M ore than 453 people are died so far and still some are missing. Kerala The current official toll is 168.The affected districts are Kollam (131 dead), Alappuzha (32 dead), Ernakulum (5 dead). The tsunami that hit the Kerala coast on December , were three to tlve metres high ,according to the National Institute ot Disaster Management,(NlDM) which functions under the ministry of home affairs. The Tidal upsurge had affected 250 kilometers of the Kerala coastline and entered between one or two kilometers inland. Pounded 187 villages affecting 24. 70 lakh persons in the state . As many as 6,280 dwelling units were destroyed. As many as 84,773 persons wee evacuated from the coastal areas and accommodated

Business plan for men skin care

I hope that the loan application will be approved as soon as possible -We really appreciate and we are grateful towards your consideration of approving our loan, as we look forward to hear from you soon. Thank you Yours Truly, 2. Executive Summary The Retro Skincare is a new business providing high-quality, full service distribution of skincare products specialty in moisturizing skin products and whitening product. Our product supplier is Reuben Skinner Company. Reuben Skinner Company is the sole manufacturer of the skincare product and located in Saba.In particular, what really sets up apart is that we are the ONLY full service distribution company servicing the skincare products around Slang Valley. In addition, Reuben Skinner Company has an exclusive contract to distribute a new, groundbreaking product that loud enable us to gain immediate access to a majority of the potential customer base. The principal owner is Subheadings, experience brings office management, high levels of cu stomer service, and over 20 years in distribution and sales management.At this time we are seeking additional equity capital to compliment our own investment and are seeking to arrange a bank line for inventory and receivables financing. Having firm commitments to distribute several high-quality new age skincare products we plan to distribute our first products within 30-60 days of finalizing financial arrangements. Our target customers are men located in urban areas and retailers. Our targeted end user is between the ages of 24 and 65. They are urban professionals with at least some college.Pricing of our products are ranging from ARM 17- ARMS per unit. 3. Introduction Reuben Skinner Company to customers in Malaysia. This will accomplished through a combination of company- owned retail outlet and wholesale distribution. The Retro Skincare will purchase product directly from manufacturer to eliminate the middle man and allows us to operate on a 25-30% profit margin, while providing our customers with competitive prices. The proposed location for Retro Skincare is Clan Marrow, Bangs. The principal owner is Subheadings.Distinguishing characteristics of our business will be the combination of management experience, sales and distribution experience, high- quality, innovative products and exceptional customer service. 4. Business Objectives and Mission 4. 1 . Objective To open and operate a successful skincare product distributorship in the Slang Valley market, employing three to five employees the first year. To obtain a minimum of 100 regular customers in the skincare market the first year of operation. Achieve first year ales of ARM 40,000. Maintain an average gross margin of 25 percent.To produce a net profit of at least OROMO,OHO by the end of the third year of operation. 4. 2. Mission The Retro Skincare intends to become a recognized distributor of specialty skincare products and spreading it around Slang Valley. The Retro Skincare plans to develop strong re lationships with key customers so we will be viewed as indispensable partners, rather than Just another supplier. The Retro Skincare will seek out and work with the manufacturers we represent to deliver the most innovative and exciting products possible to the customers we serve.We are not only selling product, we are selling service. † 5. 1. Industry Description and Analysis Skincare is one of the largest industry in the world. Technological advancement in the skin care market combined with development of innovative products contributing to the growth of skin care industry. The increasing demand for anti-ageing products and growing concern for the use of natural and organic skin care products are the major factors driving the skin care industry. In estimation, Malaysian annually spend an estimated ARM 3. Million on skincare products and cosmetics. By reason of lath awareness and aggressive product branding, consumers spend large amount of their income in buying skin care prod ucts. Malaysian skincare concerns include the heat and humidity of the climate, the drying effect of skin, stress and lightening the skin and areas of hyper pigmentation, acne, and the effect of aging on the skin. These concerns translate into strong prospects for skincare products and remain in broad consumption across all age and income groups in Malaysia.International brands such as Lance, L'Oreal Paris, Lola, Esteem Lauder, Clique and Sheikdom play a dominant role in the upper-end market of Malaysia. Imported products are highly in demand as most of the middle and high-income earners associate imported products with higher quality than local brands. The cosmetic giants still hold a dominant position in this industry and they will most likely continue to. But they have realized the need to acquire new brands and to keep their affiliation in the background. In recent year, names like Grainier, Dashing men, Naive have been acquired as local skin care products.This strategy indicate s that a few of the traditional big players recognize the benefits, for themselves and the industry, of emerging niche brands. 5. 2. Industry Trend Rapid arbitration in Malaysia resulted in strong demand for skin care products from both men and women. Sales for 2013, the most recent year available, were up to 45 percent, almost double the industry average of 20 percent. Soap is losing popularity as a facial skincare product, with the proportion of female users falling from 58% in 2008 to around (36%) in 2013.Due to skin dryness, women are attracted with emergence of facial and skin care products such as cleanser and moisturizing cream which make their skin healthy. At earlier, there are no skin care products use facial skincare products than women. Men's reactive approach to their skincare regime is the biggest challenge facing the industry Nowadays, men consumers can find some brand new skincare products of men almost in all grocery shops and supermarkets. An increasing number of c onsumers exposed to wide variety of skin care products like skin care products enhanced with collagen and other natural ingredients.Due to increasing disposable incomes and stronger consumer purchasing confidence in 2012, strong demand was seen for skin care products, particularly mass brands, since consumers could afford them to enhance or maintain their skin condition. Malaysian favor nature-inspired products mainly. If current trend play out as expected, the business of skin care products for men will become increasingly consolidated among other industry. The unique properties of men's skin need to be addressed in these new products (smaller sebaceous glands, oily skin, thicker skin etc. So that the products work effectively and the user experiences noticeable results more rapidly. 6. Market Segmentation Research 6. 1 . Market Analysis Summary The demand for man's skin care products are certainly on the rise as men are paying more attention to their appearance. According to resea rch conducted by Retro Skincare, six in 10 (65%) Malaysian men consider their appearance important and almost (48%) admit what they want to look attractive and well groomed. Just 15% of men admit that while it is acceptable for women to use skincare products, it is not acceptable for men to use such products.Highlighting the growing importance of the men's facial skincare market, today, as many as 7% of men admit to spending a lot of time on their facial skincare routine. Research highlights more than four in ten (42%) men use shaving lotions and almost a quarter (22%) use facial cleanser. 12% of men SE eye cream and gels , 17% use anti ageing products and 7% use moisturizer. While many of the nation's men are adopting a regular skincare regime, it remains that a lower proportion of men use facial skincare products than women.Men's reactive approach to their skincare regime is the biggest challenge facing the industry. Encouraging men to adopt a more preventative approach to their s kin's demographic changes in both mature and emerging markets: an increased number of men employed in the sector of services, increased competition in the workplace, ageing baby boomers eager to stay stylish, and the young generation influenced by hanging standards of male beauty. New entrants on the markets, as well as technologically advanced products, expanded lines, and innovative packaging are also stimulating sales. . 2. Market Segmentation To keep up with demand, the men's skin care market is becoming more segmented and expanding into new categories and claims. Generally, skin care market for male can be segmented based on four main segments: geographic, demographic, cryptographic and behavior. For the purpose of this analysis we are focusing solely on the male market. New research from Minute reveals that beauty and personal care munches specifically targeted at men have increased globally by 70% over the past six years (2007-2012).Its stated the market for facial skincare h as increased an impressive 20% in the last five years alone, valued at El,l billion in 2012, the market is set to reach a beautiful El,2 billion in 2017. L. Demographic: Retro Skincare target market is the retailers who have established relationships with consumers and the consumers themselves. We are essentially the distributing arm for these retailers. Our market research indicates about 46 potential retailers within a 1 to 25 mile radius of our location, who currently sell our competitors reduces. Our target retailers are drugstores and pharmacies.Another target market is men (end user). There are 30,001 ,710 individuals in Malaysia and 5,315,008 are male adults 18 to 65, which are our target consumer market. They are urban professionals with at least some college. This consumer has an active lifestyle. They are concerned about social and environmental issues. Mind and body wellness are important to them. Sales have been sustained as increasing numbers of young men are interested in capturing the stylish looks of media stars while older men have paid more attention to keep their skin younger as their younger days.Therefore, older men will give more attention to anti-aging products while young men will look for skin whitening products and moisturizer. Some youngsters will opt for acne free skin products. Our products can be used by any group of incoming level. Malaysia's men working under heat weather will buy sun block and skin care product which lighten the skin and areas of hyper pigmentation. Demographic factors such as the rising number of single-occupancy households, as consumers delay committing to marriage and children, have led to a growing number of men doing their own shopping, with ore disposable income to spend on themselves.Retro Skincare found out that single customers purchase a certain product more frequently than married people. II. Geographic: Men in different climatic conditions and with different skin colors will have with higher moistur e content. They also more inclined to whitening function products. High portions of the target market for Retro Skincare products are in urban areas with the population that desire to buy skincare products. Our main target geographic area will be KILL and Clangor because both states hold the largest number of men also have more urban areas.So our geographically targeted location to market our skincare product is in Bangs, KILL Central, Wants Major, Cubans and Among. We analyses, and came up with a conclusion that these areas will be best place to promote and market our Retro Skincare products. 6. 3. Competitors The skin care market is very broad. It includes products labeled as body cream, shower cream, cleanser, moisturizer, day cream, after shave and etc. Our market positioning will be in the lower price quadrant of high quality natural products.While there are other companies that distribute variety of skin care products, there are no main business in Malaysia focuses exclusively on the men's skin care product market as Retro Skincare. This will provide considerable flexibility in pricing and allow for the creation of great deal of customer awareness and brand loyalty, erecting significant barriers to entry for potential competitors. However there are some businesses offering men's skincare products as minor part of their businesses. Our primary competitors for men skincare products are: 7. L'Oreal Paris 8. Grainier 9. Naive 10.Clean 11. Their shortcoming is that they contain more chemicals than the natural herbs and ingredients of our company Retro Skincare products. Our main wholesale competitors will be power retailers who merge the specialty store concept with the discount store's emphasis on price. These retail warehouses are large stores with products displayed on metal racks in a warehouse setting. There are two distinct types of retail warehouses, the first being a membership and the second a consumer store which is open to the general public. Their shortcoming as with other competitors is service.Buyers must travel to them to pick up their goods. Some of the power retailers have Just begun to offer delivery services, which is helping retailers to appreciate the value of using a distributor like our company Retro Skincare. 7. Competitive Forces, Strategies and Risk Assessment 7. 1. Competitive Forces There are 5 competitive forces as following and the weak and strong determine how strong each of the competitive forces in our business is: Large amount of capital required High retaliation possible from existing companies, if new entrants would bring innovative products and ideas to the industry.Therefore we are introducing groundbreaking product 2. Supplier power (Weak): Supplier located in another state Saba. They are not currently available for wholesale distribution in Slang Valley The supplier supply in larger scale Products are widely accessible Supplier do not pose any threat of forward integration There are many suppliers who can supply different brand of skincare products 3.Buyer power (Strong): There are many skin care products buyers: urban area professionals, skin problematic customers Most of the buyers are individuals that buy one brand of product and can bargain for lower prices Buyers tend to switch to another brand of skincare product or to start using it Buyers can easily choose different skincare reduces based on their skin need Buyers are price and benefit sensitive and their decision is often based on how much does a product will cost them with a benefit of it 4.Threat of Substitutes (Weak): There are many alternative types of skincare products, such as soap, traditional products (aloe Vera) Substitutes can rarely offer the same convenience Alternative types of skincare products almost always cost less and sometimes are more natural and less chemical 5.Competitive Rivalry (Very Strong): Moderate number of competitors If a firm would decide to leave an industry it would incur huge losses , so most of the mime it either bankrupts or stays in skincare industry for the lifetime Industry is very large but matured Size of competing firm's vary but they usually compete for different consumer segments Customers are loyal to their brands 7. 2. Strategies for competitive advantage Cost Leadership We will improve our business cost to lower than our competitor to sell our skincare products. We have lowest cost of delivery service, cost of staff and staff wages and other.Differentiation We offer and selling only one brand of skincare product. This makes us easier and convenient for us to promote and sell it. Only full service distribution company in skincare market around Slang Valley. Our products are male oriented, which harder to get in market We has strategic location of distributing store Retro skincare products has beautiful design for exterior packaging and promotions Brightening serum for male is unique Operational Effectiveness full delivery service in 24 hour of avail ability We had implemented good leadership to our staff in order to became successful distributing company in future.The combined experience of the principal owners brings upper office management skills, high levels of customer service, and over 20 years in distribution and sales management. Customer Orientation Individualized customer service – providing our customers with what they want, when and how they want it. Free samples of new product for the customers Lower cost with quality product Fully integrated programs to help customers increase sales through menu development, creative promotions, advertising, and custom marketing material.Key personnel will stay in contact with our customers, and will be able to respond to changes in this market much faster than our competitors. 7. 3. Risk Assessments We had analyses that of strategic to sell our skincare product for male is good cause it has less competitor and the market is growing slowly. Risk from loses will be reduced if our company product sale is increased. Moreover we have good better promotion strategic without reducing our product sale profits.Based on our current analysis we find out that we has medium or lower than medium risk levels to sell our product in Slang Valley area. 8. Product 8. 1 . Description and Concepts The brand name is â€Å"Skinner†. The products are natural with less use of chemicals. The products will be delivered to customers or retailers in overnight shipping, on-site revive and 24- hour availability after the purchase is made. Our underlying rationality in choosing products is to select outlines that bring reliable quality, competitive prices and product satisfaction to our customers. We have personally quality we ensure.The primary products to be distributed through Retro Skincare will be as the following with the price stated: All the products are came in gig except shampoo and conditioner will be 100 ml. 8. 2. Features and Advantages Other service provided for customer and retailers: Free delivery, customer service ND consultation Retro Skincare will make these same products which available through wholesale sellers available through our excellent, full delivery service by sending these products directly to their doorstep at a competitive price Orders in bulk will be sold for customer carryout or delivery.Easy to use because the directions are written on each of the product itself and small template is provided to let customers know the benefit of these products and how to use it. These products are offered according to men's different skin type and they can choose to buy the product according to their skin need. For example there are 3 types of cleanser offered by Retro Skincare: Acne free, sensitive skin and Hydra Energetic. All the creams can last long for 2 months of usage.

1981 Springbok Tour Focus Questions

SPRINGBOk TOUR OF NEW ZEALAND FOCUS QUESTION 1 Why did the game between the waikato rugby team and springbok? the reason why the game was cancelled because 350 protesters ivaded the rugby field after pulling down a fence using sheer force . the crowed were trowing bottles and other objects at the protesters,as a stolen lightplane was aproching the stadium the police called off the game because itwas to unsafe to play with bottles and other objects on the pitch! FOCUS QUESTION 2 Aftermath of the springbok tour!The All Blacks did not tour South Africa until after the fall of the apartheid regime (1990–1994), although after the official 1985 tour was cancelled an unofficial tour did take place in 1986 by a team which included 28 out of the 30 All Blacks players selected for the 1985 tour. These were known both inside and outside the Republic of South Africa as the New Zealand Cavaliers, but often advertised inside South Africa as the All Blacks or alternatively depicted with the Silver Fern! FOCUS QUESTION 3 Background on the springbok tour!A poster advertising a meeting of the Citizens' All Black Tour Association to protest against racially selected All Blacks teams touring South Africa. The Springboks and New Zealand's national rugby team, the All Blacks, have a long tradition of intense and friendly sporting rivalry. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the South African apartheid policies had an impact on team selection for the All Blacks: the selectors passed over Maori players for some All Black tours to South Africa. Opposition to sending race based teams to South Africa grew throughout the 1950s and 60s.Prior to the All Blacks' tour of South Africa in 1960, 150,000 New Zealanders signed a petition supporting a policy of â€Å"No Maoris, No Tour†. The tour occurred however, and in 1969 Halt All Racist Tours (HART) was formed. During the 1970s public protests and political pressure forced on the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) the choice of either field ing a team not selected by race, or not touring the Republic. However, South African rugby authorities continued to select Springbok players by race. As a result, the Norman Kirk Labour Government prevented the Springboks from touring during 1973.In response, the NZRU protested about the involvement of â€Å"politics in sport†. In 1976 the All Blacks toured South Africa, with the blessing of the then newly-elected New Zealand Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon. Twenty-five African nations protested against this by boycotting the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. In their view the All Black tour gave tacit support to the apartheid regime in South Africa. The All Blacks again failed to win a series in South Africa (they would not do so until 1996, after the fall of apartheid).The 1976 Tour contributed to the Gleneagles Agreement being adopted by the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 1977. info from wikipedia . http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_t our_of_New_Zealand. pictures from goggle images Ic;vpx=531;vpy=352;dur=2160;hovh=184;hovw=274;tx=155;ty=115;sig=117611310865036074857;page=2;tbnh=141;tbnw=188;start=18;ndsp=24;ved=1t:429,r:14,s:18. http://www. google. co. nz/imgres? q=1981+springbok+tour+protests;hl=en;sa=X;biw=1366;bih=653;tbm=isch;tbnid=CdGqd-_vJn5rNM:;imgrefurl=http://www. stuff. co. nz/sport/rugby/gallerie.